Agro-Industrial Wastewater Treatment with Decentralized Biological Treatment Methods

Food processing consumes high volumes of water, making agro-industries the third biggest industrial user of water after oil refineries, primary metals and chemicals industries [...]

Characterising As–Bi–Co–Cu-bearing minerals at Scar Crags and Dale Head North, Lake District, UK

Scar Crags and Dale Head North in the English Lake District host mineralised veins enriched in ‘Energy Critical Elements’ (ECEs) specifically, bismuth, cobalt and copper. A limited number of studies in the 1970s investigated the mineralogy and inferred the genesis of these veins as being related to the intrusion of the Lake District batholith.This study investigates the geology, mineralogy, composition and paragenesis of these two mineralised areas. The results highlight the ubiquitous presence of Co–Fe–Ni-sulfarsenides in both deposits and the presence of some mineral species, hitherto unreported. Scar Crags samples contained high concentrations of cobalt, commonly present within arsenopyrite, whereas cobalt is of minor importance at Dale Head North, where copper and arsenic are the primary metals. A sequence of events, with As–Co–Ni-bearing fluids infilling the veins after an initial stage of quartz and chlorite precipitation is the most striking resemblance between the two mineralised systems, potentially indicating a common process for Co-rich vein-type deposits in the area. If so, understanding such processes could prove vital in aiding exploration in other terranes.

Study of the mineral composition of some soils of the Syrian island: دراسة التركيب المعدني لبعض ترب الجزيرة السورية

The study was carried out with the aim of determining the mineral composition of the soil from the north-eastern region in Al-Hasakah governorate in Syria and its effect on some physical and chemical soil properties. Where five sections were excavated and three samples of dirt were taken from each section according to horizons, The results of the mineral composition study showed a group of primary metals and the highest percentage of calcite in the studied soils, Followed by quartz metal in terms of spread in the studied soils, but the potassium feldspar (Othoclaz) was less than calcite and quartz in the studied soils, while found only pyroxene in the soil of the fourth and fifth sectors where the rock basalt mother, while found Baligorskit metal and a small percentage in all types The clay minerals were found to be high in the fourth sector and less on the horizon A1 for the other sectors. There was no A0 in the horizon for the first two sectors (Al-Hasakah) and the second (Qamishli). Mica (often alkaline), kaolinite and chlorite were found to be lower in thickness than in all soil samples studied. The results of the physical study showed that most of the soils have a clay texture, with the lowest percentage of mud and hysteroscopic in the surface depth of Qamishli soil (Tal Maarouf) (41.00) and (5.06)%, respectively, in Tin Tin and Shakhala, in the third depth of the Malikiyah soil (Deir Tigris), and the bulk density values ​​ranged between (1.19-1.33) g / cm3, and the real density values ​​ranged from (2.62-2.75) g / cm3, and was accompanied by a variation in the values ​​of the total porosity, as its value ranged between (50.15--54.58)%. The chemical and fertility results showed that the degree of (pH) soil is moderate on the surface horizon of al-kamshli soil, reaching (7.71), and the average alkalinity becomes slightly more than (8.00), and the soil content of the exchanged cations ranged from medium to high, ranging between (32.24 and 45.32). m.m / 100g soil, and the calcium cation occupies the first place on the adsorption complex, followed by magnesium. The content of the studied soils from the organic matter in the first depth is considered low because its value ranges between (00.5 - 01.0)%. The total calcium carbonate percentage ranged between the lowest value (21.63%) in the Al-Malikiyah soil (Deir Djla), and the highest value (31.91%) in Qamishli (Tal Maouf). By studying the kinetics of potassium, it was found that the ARKe values ranged between (0.0092 and 0.183) (mol / liter) 1/2, where the highest value of ionic activity was recorded in Malikiyah soil (0.0183) (mol / liter) 1/2 and the lowest value of ionic activity was recorded in Qamishli soil. 0.0092 (mol / liter) 1/2. The values of K∆ for the studied soils ranged from (0.3595 - 0.885) centimole. Kg-1, where the values of the potassium voltage regulation values of the studied soils ranged between (33.751- 60.314) [cmol kg-1] / (M L-1) 0. 5]. That the values of the Capon modulus ranged between (0.867 - 1.713) liters to mol -1.

Material Flow Analysis of Trichloroethylene in Korea

Objectives:According to the material flow analysis, the domestic flow of trichloroethylene with the highest emission among carcinogens in group 1 was determined. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for efficient chemical management and establish measures to reduce emissions.Methods:In this study, the material flow analysis of trichloroethylene was analyzed in Korea in 2014. The material flow chart was presented using STAN 2.6 software. The flow of trichloroethylene by region and industry was analyzed to identify the characteristics of each flow, and the emission reduction method was presented.Results and Discussion:Trichloroethylene was used up to 79.8% in the Seoul metropolitan area, 45.6% in the manufacturing of other machinery and equipment, and 29.4% in the manufacturing of fabricated metal products except machinery and furniture. Trichloroethylene was emitted 42.0% in the manufacturing of rubber and plastics products and 26.8% in the manufacturing of primary metals. The analysis of emissions by company size resulted in 3.9% of total emissions from large companies, 61.6% from mid-sized companies, and 34.5% from small-sized companies. Trichloroethylene was used in various industries and regions, with higher emissions compared to its use.Conclusions:Trichloroethylene has been emitted in large quantities relative to its usage. The study found that the management of chemicals in small businesses was insufficient. This result of the material flow analysis is used as basic data to reduce emissions of chemicals. The result of the study helps to recognize the risk of chemicals and suggest alternative materials, introduce inter-company information and expert exchange system, introduce a total amount of carcinogens emission system, implement duties in the emission reduction plan, and consider emission reduction incentives. In addition, measures to improve risk are proposed to establish risk-based database.

National silver panorama between 2010 and 2014

Having the name derived from the Latin word Argentun, silver (Ag) is a transition metal that has high electrical conduction and corrosion resistance. It is usually found aggregated with copper, zinc and gold minerals. Widely used in the manufacture of mirrors and coins, in dental processes such as silver amalgam, in the production of jewelry and cutlery, in photography and electronic devices due to its high electrical conductivity. This research aims to describe the data obtained in the mineral summaries of the National Department of Mineral Research (http://www.dnpm.gov.br), the bibliographic research was carried out in scientific articles, using computers from the computer laboratory of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amapá. When it comes to silver mining, Mexico is the country that stands out as a producer and Peru currently has the largest reserve in the world. Brazil has tiny reserves of silver mineral, its participation in the world production of this metal is almost negligible. In the country there have never been records of the extraction of silver as the main product, it is always found associated with other substances and ploughed as a by-product of their extraction. The national production takes place mostly in primary metals and to a lesser extent concentrated metal, because it is more expensive and requires more processing steps. The demand for silver is much higher than its production in the country, which makes import spending higher than those with exports. The most exported material is the primary good and the most imported is the semi-manufactured product. The domestic consumption of silver in the country is almost stable, with few variations. The sectors that consume the most silver are: coinage, the photographic industry, the jeweler's sector and electronics. Its price has been experiencing a decline after a record increase in 2011 due to low industrial demand associated with large supply of the metal.

Analysis of the Most Effective Energy Efficiency Opportunities in Manufacturing Primary Metals, Plastics, and Textiles Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Governments are pursuing a variety of measures to reach common and more efficient environmental and energetic policies: Nonetheless, the effort has shown to be not sufficient, since the objectives stated in the European Union (EU) Directive 2009/28/EC on energy efficiency seem quite distant to be reached. A greater attention has obviously been paid toward the industrial sector, which utilizes a major share of primary energy consumption: Till now several actions have been taken to achieve the energy performance of buildings, but very few are in operations. Nonetheless, in order to be most effective, governments should focus their attention not only on energy intensive large enterprises (LEs) but also on nonenergy intensive small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that represent the majority of the total number of industries, cover a consistent share of the energy consumption of a whole domestic industrial sector, and are usually less efficient than LEs. This paper aims to highlight the most effective energy savings opportunities (ESOs) for reducing energy consumption in industrial operations that have been successfully implemented in a large number of SMEs case studies investigated in North America and Italy, showing a correspondence (in terms of savings and costs) between the two databases. This paper analyzes the ESOs, characterized by best available technologies and practices (BAT/Ps), with a cross-analysis within three manufacturing sectors, i.e., primary metals, plastics, and textiles, and considering different subsizes among SMEs, in order to show commonalities and differences among the sample. The ESOs have been analyzed and ranked according to different criteria of importance, highlighting the most diffused, those having the highest energy savings, and those with the shortest pay-back time. The scope of the elaboration of these criteria is twofold: on one side, it allows to be closer to the entrepreneurial sensibility, guiding entrepreneurs in evaluating a possible investment in energy efficiency; on the other side, it provides important suggestions for a public local authority that, through financial support and/or other policies, aims at diffusing the adoption of BAT/Ps and increasing the sectors’ energy efficiency and competitiveness.