THE MEDICAL LITERATURE: EQUIVALENCE OF TRANSLATION

The purpose of this article is to analyze the translational equivalence of medical dialogues from the textbook "Medicine in Dialogues" by K.B. Shodmonov, M. Baratova, D. Razhabova, Z. Nematova, taking into account the scientific and methodological base of the categories. The article provides an overview of the glossary and texts to determine the semantic similarity of the source text and its translation. The distribution of frequencies of using equivalent categories is due to linguistic reasons, differences in grammatical structures, a variety of word combinations, differences in word order, etc. As a result of the analysis, the most frequently used equivalence approaches in the scientific medical style of translation are defined in this article. In many dialogues, examples of translations of sentences at the level of medical words (terminological units) are given due to the fact that in a scientific style a literal translation of the text is much preferable, since a scientific text requires clarity in its presentation with the most complete correspondence of the translation to the original. This is due to the fact that in the second part of the textbook, where dialogues with a difficult level are given, detailed complex sentences are often used, in addition, the original translation contains a large number of terms that have completely different formulations in English. Low level of comprehension of the problem of translation equivalence leads to simplification of the perception of the essence of translation reduces the explanatory power of analysis, its concrete phenomena and possibilities of the linguo- translation studies in general, prevents the single scientific picture of translation as an object studied, in consequence of which the perspective of its research is partly lost. In practical terms, the chosen problem requires application of the results of research in the training and works of translators, teachers and editors in assessing the quality of translations.Achieving the equivalence of translation is the goal of the medical interpreter.

Pragmatic Interpretation and Translational Equivalence of Ironic Discourse in the Holy Qurʾan Based on SAT and EAT Theories: Arberry’s English Translation as a Case Study

This paper discusses and examines intercultural differences between the Arabic use of ironic language in the Quran and its English translation equivalents by Arberry. The data samples of the study are methodologically classified and interpreted in accordance with Haverkate’s “Speech Acts Theory of Irony” (SATI), the “Echoic Account Theory” by Sperber and Wilson, and Nida’s “Theory of Equivalence”. Throughout the application of pragmatic and translation theories, qualitative analysis is used. Analysis and interpretation led to the conclusion that Arabic traditional culture, semantically complex language concepts like polysemy, idiomatic multi-word expressions and, above all, emotive images play fundamental roles that are impeding the translations of ironic speech acts from the Qurʾan into adequate English equivalents. The study also shows how verbal irony intersects with other figures and tropes. Its interface produces a vast range of various functions and dissociative thoughts, while being open to many interpretations. Lastly, the study shows how translational techniques can mitigate, minimize and overcome the problems of corresponding equivalence. The study suggests future research into the role that discourse parameters play for the translational transfer of Qurʾanic ironic speech acts and for all other figurative language types that are interrelated with verbal irony.

Metode dan Prosedur Penerjemahan Quote Anime Bahasa Jepang ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia pada Official Akun LINE Bahasa Jepang Bersama

The title of this research is “Method and Procedure of Translation used in Anime Quotes from Japanese to Indonesia at Official Account LINE Bahasa Jepang Bersama”. The purpose of the research is to identify the types of technique, procedure, and method of translation applied in translating anime quotes. Theories used in this research are the theory of translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2002), the procedure of translation by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), and the translation methods by Newmark (1988). The research data was analyzed by translational equivalence method and glossing. The result of the data analysis indicates that there are several translation techniques applied, they are literal translation, amplification, modulation, linguistic amplification,established equivalence, reduction, and transposition. The most found translation technique is literal translation because its aim is to produce a translation that stick to the originality of the language source text content and form. Then, there are procedures of translation applied, they are literal translation, transposition, and modulation. Thereafter for the method of translation applied they are literal translation, free translation, communicative translation, and idiomatic translation. The most found translation method is free translation because its aim is to produce a translation that fit to the need of target language readers. The translation methods applied tend to be oriented towards the target language.

Death and Translation

The first translation of a Baudelaire poem into Chinese, a 1924 version of “A Carcass” by Xu Zhimo, offers an example of creative adaptation in translation: in his version and preface Xu assimilates Baudelaire to the early Daoist philosopher Zhuangzi. This is a strange choice on general grounds, but reflects the translator’s strategy of creating a recognizable identity for the Flowers of Evil, and for modernist poetics generally, within the world of Chinese thought. Furthermore, the content of Baudelaire’s poem, the changes made to it in Xu’s translation, and the relationship Xu devises with the works of Zhuangzi together outline a different theory of translation: not the creation of equivalents, but the chewing, digestion, and assimilation of a previous text, whether native or foreign, as part of the life-process of a literary tradition. Xu’s version of “A Carcass” enacts what Baudelaire’s poem describes, thereby displacing the ground of translational equivalence.

Equivalent Culture-Anchored Units Translation? The Phraseological Units Issue

Equivalent Culture-Anchored Units Translation? The Phraseological Units IssueThis article examines a question that has been of long-standing interest to linguists working in the fields of cross-linguistic phraseology and the translation of idiosyncratic language units, such as phraseological units (PUs). The challenge of translating PUs, which are understood as "patterns sanctioned by a given culture", involves the translation of culturemes. Therefore, a good translator must be able to assess the importance of the elements containing cultural references in the source language while "moving" them to the target language. When translating PUs, it is desirable that interlingual (cross-linguistic) equivalence be achieved. The fact that translations of a PU can be very different (the translator can paraphrase the text, creatively change it, or simply eliminate the PU) implies that the translational equivalence of PUs must be functional. While a cross-linguistic comparison (and the achievement of translational equivalence) of PUs can be made by omitting the form parameter, it is desirable to preserve the extension and semantic structure, the connotative-pragmatic component, and the phrase combinatorics. Ekwiwalencja jedostek "kulturowo zakotwiczonych"? Kwestia jednostek frazeologicznychArtykuł porusza zagadnienie, które od kilkudziesięciu lat cieszy się zainteresowaniem językoznawców zajmujących się konfrontacją językową frazeologii oraz tłumaczeniem idiosynkratycznych jednostek językowych, takich jak jednostki frazeologiczne (JF). Wyzwaniem podczas tłumaczenia JF, rozumianych jako "wzorce sankcjonowane przez daną kulturę", jawi się konieczność tłumaczenia kulturemów. Tłumacz zatem stoi w obliczu konieczności prawidłowej oceny danego elementu pod względem jego odniesień kulturowych w języku źródłowym podczas przekładania JF na język docelowy. Podczas tłumaczenia JF pożądane jest osiągnięcie międzyjęzykowej (cross-linguistic) ekwiwalencji. Fakt, że tłumaczenie JF może być wielorakie (tłumacz może parafrazować tekst, twórczo go zmienić lub po prostu wyeliminować JF), oznacza, że ekwiwalencja przekładu JF musi być funkcjonalna. Chociaż podczas międzyjęzykowego porównania (mającego na celu osiągnięcie translacyjnej równoważności) JF ich forma jest rzeczą drugorzędną, to wskazane jest, aby zachować ich rozszerzenie znaczeniowe i strukturę semantyczną, aspekt konotacyjno-pragmatyczny oraz łączliwość.

Analyses of the experimental learning results of teaching fiction translation among students of a linguistic university in the light of social-cultural approach

Modern workbooks on teaching fiction translation do not fully embrace the social-cultural component of educational content, despite the state standard strict demand on seeing students mainly as an object of cultural dialog. According to this, a row of competence, possessing demands of preparing students that can use foreign language as an instrument of social-cultural communication, may be insufficient for forming skills in fiction translation. Due to this fact we have worked out and tested the model of forming skills in fiction translation using social-cultural approach among students of a linguistic university. The forming of translational social-cultural competence, which the totality of social and political, cultural and historical, demographic and everyday knowledge about the country of the language during the creation of identical translation version in accordance with cross-cultural equivalence level and the way of translation of social-cultural realias, is the result of education. The author has created two diagrams to demonstrate social-cultural changes on different levels of translational equivalence: one illustrates ways of translation of social-cultural realias typical for the proper level, the other shows how different groups of realias split on different levels of cross-cultural equivalence. Suggested model of education is based on teaching students fiction translation according to these diagrams; according to this model the process of education is real- ized according to the principle from simple to complicated, i.e. from formal equivalence level to descriptive. Taking into account the statistic analyses of experimental teaching results, it demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed teaching model, we can conclude that using this model on teaching fiction translation process in linguistic university will help students to broaden their social-cultural database and embrace some skills in fiction translation.

Equivalence within the Dynamic Translation Model (DTM): Default Equivalence Position, Equivalence Range, Initiator’s Instructions, and Translational Norms

Within the framework of a Dynamic Translation Model (DTM) (Bolaños, 2008) an attempt is made to show how equivalence is actually a key concept for the definition and explanation of translation. Central to this modern approach to translational equivalence is the relationship that holds between the Default Equivalence Position (DEP), Equivalence Range (ER), Initiator’s Instructions (II), and Translational Norms (TN). In this approach it is also clear that the explanatory power of the concept of equivalence is widened and it becomes suitable to adequately account for the different types of equivalence that are established in different text types (literary, scientific, and appellative texts), when several translational strategies are used, e.g. by resorting to domesticating or foreignizing linguistic resources.

PEMEROLEHAN KLAUSA RELATIF PADA PEMELAJAR BAHASA INDONESIA BAGI PENUTUR ASING (BIPA): KAJIAN BAHASA-ANTARA

This study aims to describe the acquisition of relative clauses by BIPA (Bahasa Indonesiafor Foreigners) learners of the intermediate level, in terms of: (a) relative clause forms, (b)the sequence of relative clause acquisition, and (c) effects of language learning strategieson the relative clause acquisition. The data were collected from the use of Indonesian byBIPA learners attending a language program and through a questionnaire. The languagedata were analyzed by the translational equivalence and distributional methods and thequestionnaire data by the calculation of means and percentages presented in tables andgraphs. The results of the study showed that the use of the relative pronoun yang wasthe item with the lowest acquisition level and the relative clause type relativizing thesubject was in the highest rank. Meanwhile, the use of language learning strategies hada positive correlation with the relative clause acquisition. The study concludes that: (1)the sequence of the relative clause acquisition reflects both the sequence of mastery andthe difficulty level of of each clause type, and (2) the use of language learning strategiesenables learners to acquire relative clauses faster.