Ulva intestinalis Extract Acts as Biostimulant and Modulates Metabolites and Hormone Balance in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and Parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.)

Natural elicitors from macroalgae may affect plant secondary metabolites. Ulvan is a sulfated heteropolysaccharide extracted from green seaweed, acting as both a plant biotic protecting agent, and a plant elicitor, leading to the synthesis of signal molecules. In this work, the aqueous extract of Ulva intestinalis L., mainly composed of ulvan, was used as foliar-spraying treatment and its eliciting effect was investigated in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.). Antioxidant metabolites (polyphenols and carotenoids), volatile compounds (both in headspace emissions and hydrodistilled essential oils), and hormones (jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, salicylic acid 2-O-β-D-glucoside, abscisic acid, and azelaic acid) were quantified. The foliar-spraying treatment with U. intestinalis extract increased salicylic acid and its β-glucoside in parsley; in basil, it induced the accumulation of jasmonic and abscisic acids, indicating the presence of a priming effect. In basil, the elicitation caused a change of the essential oil (EO) chemotype from methyl eugenol/eugenol to epi-α-cadinol and increased sesquiterpenes. In parsley EO it caused a significant accumulation of 1,3,8-p-menthatriene, responsible of the typical “parsley-like” smell. In both species, the phenylpropanoids decreased in headspace and EO compositions, while the salicylic acid concentration increased; this could indicate a primarily defensive response to U. intestinalis extract. Due to the evidenced significant biological activity, U. intestinalis extract used as an elicitor may represent a suitable tool to obtain higher amounts of metabolites for optimizing plant flavor metabolites.

Attenuation of salt stress on the physiology and production of bell peppers by treatment with salicylic acid

The use of saline water for irrigation in semi-arid regions has become a reality due to the water scarcity that occurs in most of the year. In this scenario, exogenous application of salicylic acid may be a strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress on plants and ensure the production of socioeconomically important crops in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil, such as bell pepper. Thus, this study examines the osmoprotective effect of salicylic acid on gas exchanges, chloroplast pigments and production components of ‘All Big’ bell pepper plants irrigated with water with different saline levels. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions in Campina Grande - PB, Brazil. Treatments consisted of four levels of electrical conductivity on the irrigation water (0.8, 1.6, 2.4 and 3.2 dS m-1) and four concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 1.2, 2.4 and 3.6 mM), which were distributed in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement in a randomized block design with three replicates. Increases in irrigation water salinity from 0.8 dS m-1 resulted in changes in gas exchange and total chlorophyll levels of ‘All Big’ bell pepper plants. The estimated salicylic acid concentration of 1.7 mM reduced the effects of salinity on stomatal conductance, transpiration, CO2 assimilation rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, total chlorophyll and fruit diameters. Irrigation with water of 1.8, 0.8 and 1.6 dS m-1 salinity associated with the estimated salicylic acid concentration of 1.6 mM increased the biosynthesis of chlorophylls a and b and the number of fruits, respectively, in bell pepper plants.

Salicylic Acid from Gandapura Oil as an Inhibitor of Ethylene ‎Biosynthesis in Malus sylvestris L. Mill

Local apple production, especially Anna's apples, continues to decline. One of the Causes of the decline in local apple production is due to the disproportionate use of chemicals, which causes ethylene production in plants to increase. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of salicylic acid on reducing levels of ethylene concentrations in Anna apple plants. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a single factor, namely the treatment of various salicylic acid concentrations (25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm). The results showed that salicylic acid was able to reduce the value of ethylene concentration in plants. Provision of salicylic acid concentrations starting at 25 ppm was able to inhibit ethylene biosynthesis by more than 90%. The best results were shown in samples treated with 200 ppm salicylic acid concentration. By using salicylic acid alternatives, farmers are able to save around Rp3,040,400 in costs in one harvest period. The percentage of costs for salicylic acid in one harvest period is 3.39% of the total production costs, while the cost of the import promoter is 7.92% of the total production costs

Aktivitas Enzim Peroksidase Daun Planlet Pisang Ketan (Musa paradisiaca L.) Hasil Pengimbasan Ketahanan terhadap Asam Salisilat secara In Vitro

Banana plant production are decreased because it getting an attack from Fusarium oxysporum. “ketan” Banana plantlet that resistant to the Fusarium oxysporum were selected by in vitro in the solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with added salicylic acid at 40 ppm, 50 ppm, 60 ppm, and 70 ppm concentration, compared with controls (0 ppm). The aim of this research is to determine the activity of peroxidase enzyme on leaves of banana ketan plantlet. The research was carried out in December 2015 to February 2016 in the Laboratory of Botani (in vitro room), Departement of Biology, Faculty of MIPA, Lampung University. This study used a completely randomized design with 5 replications. Data were analyzed with the variance (Anova) and if them different will be continued by LSD test performed at 5% significance level. Extraction of peroxidase method using Saravanan et al. (2004) with the mixture of pyrogallol and 𝐻2𝑂2. The absorbance was measured with a spectrophotometer (Shimudzu UV 800) at wavelength (λ) of 420 nm and readable from zero. The result showed that the activity of peroxidase enzyme on the leaves banana ketan plantlet has increased optimally in the salicylic acid concentration of 50 ppm compared with controls. Increased of Peroxidase enzyme activity showed that banana ketan plantlet was resistant to the salicylic acid and expected to be resistant to Fusarium oxysporum. Keywords: Salicylic acid, Peroxidase enzyme, Fusarium oxysporum, in vitro, Banana ketan

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION INTERVALS AND FOLIAR OF SALICYLIC ACID ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF POTATO

An experiment was carried out in one of the private field in AL-Radwaniah westeren south of Baghdad to study the effect of irrigation intervals, irrigation after 6, 8 and 10 days (D1, D2 and D3) and irrigation of salicylic acid concentration (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/l) (S0, S1, S2 and S3) on some vegetative growth and yield parameters. Potato tuber were planted on 1 Feb 2015 using application N, P, K in the rate 120: 60: 200 kg/ ha. Plants were irrigated after 6,8 and 10 days and spraying of salicylic acid three time, First in vegetative growth stage and in stolon intiation stage and in tuber intiation stage. Factorial experiment in Nisted design with three replication was used. Results showed that using 10 days as irrigation period (D3) significantly decreased vegetative growth and yield parameters compared to D1. Salicylic acid significantly increased in same characteristics. Interaction treatments showed D1S2 and D1S1 significantly increased wich gave highest plant length (91.70 and 90.30 cm) respectively and greatest leaf area (72.63 and 69.87 dsm2/plant) and gave highest yield per plant (1093 and 1069 g/plant) and highest total yield (58.25 and 56.98 ton/ha-1) respectively. The suggestion could be made that spraying of salicylic acid 50 mg/L three times with Irrigation duration 6 days resulted in highest yield per plant and highest total yield.

Impact of Foliar Application with Salicylic Acid on Biochemical Characters of Canola Plants under Cold Stress Condition

In this study the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid on the chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzymes activity, and the content of solute protein and proline were investigated in two canola varieties (Brassica napus L., cv ‘RGS’ and ‘Licord’) leaves during 0, 24, and 48 hours after salicylic acid treatment. The results showed that the content of total chlorophyll was decreased in ‘RGS’ cultivar during the experiment and this process was related with increasing of salicylic acid concentration. The activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and also lipid peroxidation were increased significantly after 48 hours compared with the first day. The results of catalase activity showed that, this trait was decreased 24 hours after salicylic acid treatment and this decrease was related with salicylic concentration. The content of protein in both cultivars slightly changed and plants treated with salicylic acid had more protein content, by contrast proline was greatly affected by salicylic acid treatment and its content was the highest 24 hours after treatment. According to the present findings the application of salicylic acid has useful effects on the biochemical traits of Brassica napus cultivars. Therefore it may be effective for the improvement of plant growth in cold regions.

The Salicylic Acid Effect on the Contents of Citrullus lanatus L. Sugar, Protein and Proline under Salinity (NaCl) Stress

Plant growth is impressed by biotic and abiotic stress inversely. There are many reports about proteins change level in salinity stress. Leaves fill up more soluble sugar of glucose, fructose and proline with treatment of salicylic acid. In this study, Citrullus lanatus seeds planted in pots containing perlite were put in a growth chamber under controlled conditions of 30 ±2 °Cand 14 ±2 °Ctemperature, 14h lightness and 10h darkness; NaCl concentration of 0,4,8,12 ds/m and salicylic acid concentration of 0,1,2,4 mM were used in the form of factorial experiment in a complete randomized design (CRD). The results demonstrated that increasing of proline and sugars due to osmotic slope in plants lead to increasing of tolerance against dehydrations of leave content and acceleration of plant developments in stress conditions.