Evaluation of hybrid threats to DU technologies transfer

An object of this research is to evaluate the premises of transfer of dual use technologies appeared in Ukraine and other CIS countries. It aims to highlight a hybrid impact of political, historical and other potential barriers faced between technology offeror/recipient nowadays. The investigated problem. Apart from the highlighted affect of political, historical and other potential barriers faced between technology supplier /recipient these days, the paper also discusses how the covid pandemic and democracy crisis on the global joined to and affect an efficiency, proper functioning and transparency of technology transfer process. The experience and practice show that the process of technology transfer is rather complicated, multi-leveled and involves more than two players. It is impacted with and follows few factors and conditions that constrain its success or failure at the end. It was shown that the development of dual use technologies continues in a quagmire of conflicting interests, in light of discussed factors therein, national security and export control rationales. For the time being, debates on dual use (DU) technologies and their misuse lack creativity and rather dim; political and diplomatic initiatives came finally to nowhere trying to find turnkey solutions, thus the discussed set of factors affecting the efficient transfer and strategic export control, is quite a challenge nowadays. The main scientific results. The discussed therein factors imply the hybrid threat to transfer of technologies, closely interrelated and possess a profound significance, tho. From today and forward each step towards optimization of transfer should be carried out considering all groups and specifics of high level of science intensity of advanced technologies. Ukraine being a country with still transitional (from socialist to capitalist) type of economy, a mechanism for IP protection with regard to their scientific and technical results providing this necessary level of science intensity of technology, in the analyzed period of time has not yet been properly worked out and not enshrined in bylaws. The result of this eresearch makes a solid background for further debates as to technology transfer in terms of political science and export control

Development of control processes of research and production subsystems at scientific enterprises of rocket and space engineering

В статье уточнено влияние процессов управления научно-исследовательской и производственной подсистемами наукоёмких предприятий РКМ на эффективность их развития. Доказано с использованием методов логико-абстрактного моделирования, что сложившаяся организационно-экономическая структура наукоёмких предприятий РКМ не совершенна и требует изменения управления научно-исследовательской и производственной подсистемами, совокупность которых за счёт синергетического эффекта, проявляемого во внутриорганизационной и межорганизационной интеграции, позволит дать оценку общей эффективности их развития. Проведен анализ показателей наукоемкости предприятий РКМ, который установил, что целесообразна их научно-производственная интеграция в пространственных моделях, внедрение и использование технологических платформ. The article specifies R&D and production management process upon knowledge-intensive rocket and space enterprises in respect or their development effectiveness. It is approved with the method of abstract logical modeling that contemporary organization and economic structure of the knowledge-intencive enterprises has to be modified in terms of R&D and production subsystem management. Both of them will lead to increase development by synergetic effect caused by inter- and cross- organization integration. The analysis of the indicators of the science intensity of enterprises of the knowledge-intensive rocket and space enterprises was carried out, it was established that their scientific and industrial integration in spatial models, the introduction and use of technological platforms is expedient.

Formation of a model for managing the science intensity of enterprises of rocket and space engineering

The industry of rocket and space engineering is high-tech, has a significant backlog in the field of R&D and is the locomotive of the national cosmonautics. In the context of the centralized management of the industry by the state corporation Roscosmos, and the existing system of cooperation and distribution of government orders, enterprises in the industry feel the need to move to a new level of economic development based on the growth of value added through R&D in manufactured products. One of the promising sources for the development of enterprises of rocket and space engineering can be the management of their science intensity. The model of management of the science intensity of enterprises, based on the structural analysis of research and production activities, involves the management of the ratio of R&D costs to the revenue and profit of the enterprise, which makes it possible to regulate the pricing policy of enterprises in rocket and space engineering, to substantiate many factors affecting the degree of science intensity of products.

Science Intensity of the Business Sector in Russia: An Analysis and Development Proposals

Introduction. In the context of global competition between intellectual industries and building transnational structures that ensure socio-economic development, joining the world’s top 5 most innovative economies is possible only in case of increasing the science intensity of the business sector of the economy. Based on the results of the study conducted, the article gives an analysis of the industry average values of the costs of enterprises for research and development (R&D) in economically developed countries and outlines proposals for achieving a similar level of costs for such work in Russia. Materials and Methods. The study used data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development international statistical database, those from Rosstat, and reports from companies implementing innovative development programs. The results of the implementation of the programs for innovative development of Russian state corporations were evaluated. The study employed the methods of economic analysis, comparison, generalization, induction, and deduction. Results. On the basis of the study conducted, the authors have proposed recommendations for bringing the R&D costs to the level of the industry average values in economically developed countries. The authors have also proposed to secure the coefficients of the R&D costs corresponding to those in countries leading in innovative development in the programs of innovative development of organizations, taking into account the industry specifics. The authors have recommended introduction of such tools that ensure the achievement of the level of investment expenditures in R&D of economically developed countries, as the “qualified customer” model and the innovation voucher. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the results of the analysis performed, a conclusion has been drawn that not all state corporations fully implement the assigned tasks. In order to ensure the technological development of the country, a number of federal executive bodies have been implementing a set of measures which lack synchronization. The results of this study can be used by public authorities when making managerial decisions in research and development.

Biofuels as an instrument of Russia hydrocarbons and agrarian exports competitiveness

Paper analyzes the prospects of biofuels second and third generation in the structure of the global energy balance, demonstrates a sharp decline in oil and gas revenues in the Russian budget, describes advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel and bioethanol production. The connection between the growth of Russia’s export potential in terms of hydrocarbon products processing with EU standards implementation has been proved. The problems of the realization of programs on the oxygenate technologies development in the Union State of Russia-Belarus were revealed. The capacity of the market of 3-4 generations fuel with using non-food raw materials and various types of biomass was estimated. Was proved that at a high level of growth in business value and profitability of production there are incentives to organize deep processing in Russia’s hydrocarbon production. It is proved that the oil and gas industry in a creative economy should increase its science intensity and depth of raw materials processing, including ones in related industries.

PROBLEM OF CLASSIFYING DIGITAL ECONOMY

The paper performs the results of analysis due to the problem of categorization and classification of digital economy in order to assess its contribution to economic growth. The evolution of approaches to understanding the concept of digital economy is noted – evolution from Internet economy to perception of digital technologies as a factor in any economic activity. We analyzed one of the models categorizing digital economy, based on assessing the need for the use of digital technologies (it includes three categories – the ICT sector, the digital economy itself, the digitalized economy), and also indicated the shortcomings of the concept, in particular, impossibility to reliably determine the critical need of using digital technologies for different types of economic activity, thus they fall into related categories according to the classification. In addition, the paper analyzes the possibility of classifying the digital economy as a knowledge economy for further more accurate definition and categorization of "digital economy" concept. Based on the results of the analysis, key features of digital economy were identified for the further development of updated concept of digital economy and possibility of optimal categorization during further research. These features include science intensity, which is, among other things, cause existing difficulties in categorizing economic sectors and attributing them to the digital sector due to the diffusion of knowledge (and specifically digital technologies as the final result of knowledge accumulation), as well as their extensive penetration into most economic processes. As a result, it is necessary to develop a toolkit that can quantify the value of science intensity (manufacturability) of a particular sector of the economy in order to most accurately categorize and assess the contribution of the digital economy to economic growth. The second key feature of the digital economy is the reduction of transaction costs of interaction between economic agents (based on the concept of horizontal, vertical and diagonal costs by J. Commons) as a result of using digital products.

FOREIGN TRADE IN SERVICES IN THE CONTEXT OF POSTINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE

The tendencies of development of Ukraine’s foreign trade in services in the period of transition to postindustrial society are researched. The share of exports of Ukraine’s services in 2017 amounted to 0.2% of the world exports and 0.1% of the world imports. The foreign trade in technologically capacious services is analyzed by criterion of science intensity, according to which the Eurostat allocates 4 groups of high-tech services: the highest level of science intensity, science-intensive market services, science-intensive financial services and other science-intensive services. In foreign trade, the share of high-tech services is 42%; the share of exports is 26%. Thus, Ukraine is a net exporter on the world market of high-tech services and has over US$ 1.6 billion positive balance. Educational services, which belong to the fourth group of science-intensive services, are characterized by competitive advantages. Ukraine has a high coefficient of the population coverage with higher education. The final consumer spending of households for education in 2016 amounted to 1.3% of total expenditures in actual prices. Despite the fact that the price policy of Ukrainian higher education institutions is quite loyal, the number of students who go abroad to study increases every year. According to the CEDOS Center, the number of Ukrainian students studying in foreign universities amounted to 72 thousand in 2016-2017 academic year. According to the State Migration Service data, in 2016, 13,621 people left abroad and only 1,958 people returned. Moreover, highly qualified specialists are leaving, which negatively affects the quality of education. Ukrainian higher education institutions rank in the second half of the list of the international rankings of universities, with 5.6 out of 289. A study of the level of total per capita expenditures for health care at purchasing power parity showed that in Ukraine this level is 1.8 times lower than the world one, and 2-3.1 times lower comparing with countries of the post-Soviet space. The state and population health care expenditures increase (in 2017, they amounted to 0.02% of GDP), but are not accompanied by an increase in quality of services. No more than 6% of Ukrainians apply for personal health insurance programs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop regulatory and legal standards in the sphere of services, harmonized with international standards.

Alternative factor analysis of the science intensity of the invested capital in the Baikal region

Factor analysis is the basic tool when conducting a comprehensive analysis of economic activity. In the factor analysis, the major attention is given to the research of internal reasons that form the specificity of the phenomenon under study and identification of generalized factors standing behind relevant specific indicators. The article deals with the analysis of the science intensity of the invested capital in the Baikal region of the Russian Federation. Science intensity is an important parameter for determining the efficiency of the economic activity. The author introduced into scientific circulation the following indicators: the science intensity of the invested capital, the science intensity of the gross regional product and the investment return of the gross regional product. The paper reveals the influence of factors affecting the change in the science intensity of the invested capital in the Baikal region of the Russian Federation, and provides methodological approaches to its calculation. The article presents the author’s analytical and systematized statistical material for the analysis of the key indicators revealing the impact of the invested capital in the Baikal region of the Russian Federation on the change of the science intensity. The research has been carried out in the framework of the scientific project of the Irkutsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences No. XI.174.1.4 “Activation of the internal development potential of regions of the resource specialization (on the example of the Baikal region)”.