The computational unity of Merge and Move

Based on a formal analysis of the operations Merge and Move, I provide a computational answer to the question why Move might be an integral part of language. The answer is rooted in the framework of subregular complexity, which reveals that Merge is most succinctly analyzed in terms of the formal class TSL. Any cognitive device that can handle this level of complexity also possesses sufficient resources for Move. In fact, Merge and Move are remarkably similar instances of TSL. Consequently, Move has little computational or conceptual cost attached to it and comes essentially for free in any grammar that expresses Merge as compactly as possible.

Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence

Following the analysis given by Alan Turing in 1951, one must expect that AI capabilities will eventually exceed those of humans across a wide range of real-world-decision making scenarios. Should this be a cause for concern, as Turing, Hawking, and others have suggested? And, if so, what can we do about it? While some in the mainstream AI community dismiss the issue, I will argue that the problem is real: we have to work out how to design AI systems that are far more powerful than ourselves while ensuring that they never have power over us. I believe the technical aspects of this problem are solvable. Whereas the standard model of AI proposes to build machines that optimize known, exogenously specified objectives, a preferable approach would be to build machines that are of provable benefit to humans. I introduce assistance games as a formal class of problems whose solution, under certain assumptions, has the desired property.

Pedagogi Yesus Dalam Perspektif Progresifisme Pendidikan

Jesus Christ is not only a founder of Christianity. Jesus is from pedagogical perspective including an educational figures with the power of charisma who until now has influenced to the world of Christianity. The charisma pedagogy of Jesus appears in authoritative teaching, the charismatic, delivery of messianic expectations and a distinctive educational pattern. A study of a gospels, reveals that the pedagogy of Jesus was not oriented toward the inculcation of religious laws as done by the Jewish rabbis. Jesus education focused on renewing the heart based on the value of the kingdom of God. Jesus did not build a formal class but made Himself and the environment around Him as a learning laboratory. This pattern shows that the pedagogy of Jesus has both parallel and contradiction with the various educational which developing in the world of education. This paper examines the richness of Jesus pedagogy as seem from a progressivism perspective of an education. The philosophical hermeneutic analysis found the substance, pattern and objective value of Jesus education. Then, through reflection and heuristics, we find contextual values that have implications for the world of Christian education and is an inspiration for educational activists today.Key words : Jesus, Pedagogy, Progressivism AbstrakYesus Kristus tidak hanya seorang pendiri kristianitas. Yesus, dari perspektif pedagogik termasuk tokoh pendidikan dengan kekuatan kharisma yang sampai sekarang berpengaruh pada dunia kekristenan. Kharisma pedagogi Yesus tampak dalam pengajaran yang otoritatif, berkharisma, penyampaian harapan-harapan mesianik, dan pola pendidikan yang khas. Telah terhadap kitab-kitab Injil memperlihatkan bahwa pedagogi Yesus tidak berorientasi pada penanaman hukum-hukum agama seperti yang dilakukan para rabi Yahudi. Pendidikan Yesus terfokus pada pembaharuan hati yang berlandaskan pada nilai-nilai kerajaan Allah. Yesus tidak membangun kelas-kelas formal, tetapi menjadikan diri-Nya dan lingkungan sekitar sebagai laboratorium belajar. Pola ini memperlihatkan bahwa pedagogi Yesus memiliki paralel sekaligus kontradiksi dengan berbagai aliran pendidikan yang sekarang berkembang dalam dunia pendidikan. Tulisan ini mengkaji kekayaan pedagogi Yesus yang dilihat dari perspektif progresifisme pendidikan.Analisa hermeneutika falsafati menemukan substansi, pola dan nilai objektif pendidikan Yesus, kemudian lewat gerak refleksi dan heuristika menemukan nilai kontektual yang berimplikasi bagi dunia pendidikan Kristen, dan inspirasi bagi para penggiat pendidikan dewasa ini. Kata kunci: Pedagogi, Progresifisme, Yesus,

The Use of Hedging Devices in Literature Review Sections of Undergraduate Thesis

This study is to explore the use of hedging device in undergraduate studens thesis, focussed on literature review section. The objective of this study are: 1). To find out the typical features of formal class of hedging device employed by undergraduate students in literature review sections of their thesis, 2). To find out the typical features of informal/less-formal class of hedging device employed by undergraduate students in literature review sections of their thesis. The significance of the research is intended to help both teachers and students in developing the skills of academic writing discourse. Especially for the students and researchers, it expected by this research it would improve their awareness to employ approppriate words or vocabularies in asserting the claims of their future research findings. Due to the qualitative design of this study the instrument applied was document, while the sample theses were taken purposively. The gathered data of 10 literature review sections of undergraduate thesis written on 2015 by the students of Muhammadiyah University of Makassar analyzed and classified using Hinkels’ Classification of Hedges. The research findings revealed that Indefinite modal verbs ‘should’, ‘may’, and ‘able’ as the typical features of formal class of hedging device, meanwhile the definite modal verbs ‘can’, ‘will’ and ‘must’ were the typical feature of informal/less-formal class hedging device.

The Used of Inductive Approach to Improve Students Speaking in Professional Context at the Second Semester Students of STKIP PGRI Lubuklinggau

The objective of the research was to find out how students speaking in professional context at the 2nd semester of STKIP PGRI Lubuklinggau can be improved through inductive approach. The researcher used Action Research or classroom action research. The research conducted at STKIP PGRI Lubuk Linggau academic year 2014/2015. The research conducted to the students who took speaking class (Speaking for Professional context). The class consists of 34 students. The procedures of the actions were four steps as follows: (1) planning, (2) implementing, (3) observing and (4) reflecting. The findings of the strategy implementation were analyzed from the research instruments used, observation checklists, field notes, speaking test and Interview. There were thirty four (34) students as the samples of class room action research. Based on the product of test, they were 30 of 34 students (88.24 percent) successfully passed the final of speaking test. Based on the interview of 34 students in second semester only 6 students who were still not confidence in speaking and there were 28 students or (82.35 percent) who did not feel easily embarrassed when they spoke in the class especially in formal class. Based on the data above, this classroom action research succeeds to improve students skill in speaking for professional context. It means that, inductive approach that has 6 steps, 13 meeting, and 7 topics was success. Keyword: Speaking, Professional Context, Inductive, Approach

Formal Classroom Observations: Factors That Affect Their Success

Formal class room observation is a very delicate topic in any educational institution. It involves a series of emotions and sentiments that come with the package. In this paper, the researcher will attempt to analyze the factors that affect the process in a relatively significant manner and thereby contribute greatly to the success or failure of the whole process. The researcher will also attempt to explore the various aspects of the process at two tertiary level educational institutions and how they can be controlled in order to maintain the purpose of the process as developmental and constructive rather than a critical, judgmental and/or negative outlook, which eventually defeats the whole idea of classroom observation for performance feedback and growth. The data was collected at two renowned English Language Institutes (ELIs) in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia through an online survey comprising of ten questions including one open-ended question. After analyzing the gathered data, conclusions were formulated and certain suggestive measures were proposed that can benefit the observers to look at the observation process in a better light. It will also help them accomplish the objectives of the process in a more prolific manner and thereby, contribute in achieving a more conscious and thorough professional development of the faculty on the whole.

Measuring Engineering Faculty Views about Benefits and Costs of Using Student-Centered Strategies

Dispositions of 286 engineering faculty members were assessed to determine views about three student-centered classroom strategies and how frequently faculty used those strategies. The student-centered classroom strategies examined were: using formative feedback to adjust instruction, integrating real-world applications, and promoting student-to-student discussions during formal class time. The Value, Expectancy, and Cost of Testing Educational Reforms Survey (VECTERS), based on expectancy theory, was designed, tested, and validated for this purpose. Results indicate using strategies, such as formative feedback, are significantly tied to perceived benefits and expectation of success. Using student-centered strategies is inversely related to the perceived cost of implementation – with more frequent users perceiving lower cost of time and materials.

An Exploratory Study: Mobile Device Use For Academics

This exploratory study surveyed how undergraduate students and higher education instructors at two small faith-based universities in Southern California used mobile devices in and outside of the class for academic purposes. The researcher cross-referenced the results from the two groups to make correlations. The results of this study showed that nearly all instructor participants had multiple devices and almost half of the student participants had two or more devices as well. Those devices are being used in and outside of formal class for academics in very basic and emerging way that are just touching the surface of their capabilities. This study found that students use their devices in class to read, reference, or search materials. Faculty reported using their devices as presentation devices most often.

Hosting a Pipeline of K-12 Robotics Competitions at a College of Engineering – A Review of Benefits and Challenges

This paper describes a pipeline of K-12 robotics challenges, which not only excites and engages elementary through high school students but also provides valuable educational experiences to engineering undergraduate and graduate students from Texas Tech University through formal class work, volunteer opportunities, and engagement in student organizations. It describes the benefits of the robotics programs seen by the participants, school teachers, undergraduate and graduate students, and university faculty as well as struggles and pitfalls experienced.

Beyond Class Hours

Much has been written regarding the effectiveness of different teaching styles; however, considerably less has been written about the physical design of computer classrooms and their implications on education. To date, nothing has been written regarding building an informal learning community within a computer classroom, particularly outside of formal class hours. In this paper, the author examines designing an environment in which geography students feel at home, that is, a center of geographic education. Such a center could be defined as a place where students and faculty congregate to create and transmit geographic knowledge. A GIS lab can be such a place if deliberate care and effort are taken to ensure that the lab is multidisciplinary, dynamic, encourages creativity and discourse, and is a think tank for solving geospatial problems. This paper illustrates some proven methods for building such an environment.