Protection and Control Standards with Auto Diagnosis for the Motor in Low-Voltage Switchgear According to Industry 4.0

The article is a review of the latest available technologies on the market which are part of “Industry 4.0”, in the field of protection, control, and power supply of equipment. The authors focus on the development of the protection devices (PLC controllers), which can be used not only for protection purposes but also for the diagnosis and monitoring of the entire system. The key element is the communication structure involving protection, main PLC controller, and DCS, which has an impact on the reliability of the whole system. The authors compare different solutions that allow increasing the reliability of the system (ethernet connection), compared to the classic system (wire connection). Universal protection devices are more flexible devices compared to classic control equipment, but also allow us to make modifications to the structure after commissioning, during normal operation of the system without stopping the technological process.

Synchronous Remote Rendering for VR

Remote rendering for VR is a technology that enables high-quality VR on low-powered devices. This is realized by offloading heavy computation and rendering to high-powered servers that stream VR as video to the clients. This article focuses on one specific issue in remote rendering when imperfect frame timing between client and server may cause recurring frame drops. We propose a system design that executes synchronously and eliminates the aforementioned problem. The design is presented, and an implementation is tested using various networks and hardware. The design cannot drop frames due to synchronization issues but may on the other hand stall if temporal disturbances occur, e.g., due to network delay spikes or loss. However, experiments confirm that such events can remain rare given an appropriate environment. For example, remote rendering on an intranet at 90 fps with a server located approximately 50 km away yielded just 0.002% stalled frames while rendering with extra latency corresponding to the duration of exactly one frame (11.1 ms at 90 fps). In a LAN without extra latency setting, i.e., with latency equal to locally rendered VR, 0.009% stalls were observed while using a wired Ethernet connection and 0.058% stalls when using 5 GHz wireless IEEE 802.11 ac.

Electrical Characteristics Measuring Device for Security Systems

The study aims for the development of a device that is capable to measure and store the electrical characteristics of security systems. The development of the device is done by using the Arduino Mega 2650 board, Arduino Ethernet shield 2, SD card module, 1.8” TFT ISP LCD, keyboard module, ASC712 current sensors, A.C voltage sensors and D.C voltage sensors. The measured data from the current and voltage sensors is stored on the SD card module and sent to the user via the ethernet connection. The data obtained from the device is useful to keep track of the power consumption of any security systems. The device is capable to measure the current and voltage from 10 separate security devices (e.g. cameras, motion sensors, DVRs).

FPGA-based Visible Light Communication System for Real-Time File Transmission

The digital image, character/texts, audio (music), and video are the multimedia contents commonly used as objects to be transmitted on the VLC system. This paper has performed the real-time file transfer successfully using VLC technology with a UART connection. The FPGA was chosen as a DSP due to its capability in clocked-speed. We used an Ethernet connection due to its easy configuration and ability to meet the high-speed communication requirement. It was used for communicating between the host and the client device computer. This work covers the MAC layer implementation, SoC FPGA for UART connection, and analog front-end (AFE) transceiver. According to the functional test, the achieved bandwidth of the Ethernet connection is about 83.6 Mbps. However, the FPGA’s clock is set at 100 kHz only due to the transferred file does not require a high speed. Thus, the physical layer baud rate is fixed to 11520 bps; it can be used for real-time transfer of a digital image with 512 pixels with no compressed file and error at 22 cm of optical LoS channel (no lenses).

Software-Based Validation of the Differentiation Scheme for Ethernet and Wireless LAN Access Network Types Using an End-to-End Approach

Different access network types are characterized by a variety of attributes which include link bandwidths, physical media, capacity, and reliability. Therefore, the question of accurately identifying whether the sender uses a wired ethernet connection or a wireless LAN connection comes into place. This article aims to analyse, simulate, validate, and improve the existing classification scheme which is based on measuring entropy of packet pair inter-arrival times and median. A riverbed modeller (former OPNET) is used for simulating the different scenarios. Small-scale experiment conducted on campus at the Nazarbayev University (NU) validates the insignificance of the packet probe size chosen for the classification.

Design and Characterization of a Stand-Alone Merging Unit

<p class="Abstract">Merging Units (MUs) play a key role in enhancing the levels of security and the reliability of power systems, allowing for advanced remote diagnostics. Some of the benefits are a more efficient transmission of electricity and a better integration with renewable energy systems. In this article, an implementation of a Stand-Alone Merging Unit (SAMU), compliant with the IEC 61850-9-2 standard and based on a low-cost ARM microcontroller, is described. It acquires two signals, one voltage and one current, and it sends the samples over the ethernet connection. A high-resolution Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC), synchronised to the Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) through a Global Positioning System (GPS) disciplined oscillator, is used. The opportune insulation and conditioning stage have been designed. Several tests have been performed, varying amplitude, frequency, and phase of the input signals, in order to evaluate the metrological performance of the proposed SAMU and they are here discussed.</p>

Rapid Development of System-on-Chip (SoC) for Network-Enabled Visible Light Communications

<p class="0abstract">Visible Light Communication (VLC) is an emerging optical communication technology with rapid development nowadays. VLC is considered as a compliment and successor of radio-frequency (RF) wireless communication. There are various typical implementations of VLC in which one of them is for exchanging data TCP/IP packets, thus the user can browse the internet as in established Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) technology. Briefly, we can call it by Light fidelity (Li-Fi). This paper described the design and implementation of System-on-Chip (SoC) subsystem for Li-Fi application where the implemented SoC consists of hardware (H/W) and software (S/W). In the H/W aspect, Physical Layer (PHY) is made by using UART communication with Ethernet connection to communicate with Host/Device personal-computer (PC). In the S/W aspect, Xillinux operating system (OS) is used. The H/W- as well as S/W-SoC, are realized in FPGA Zybo Zynq-7000 EPP development board. The functional test result shows (without optical channel or Zybo-to-Zybo only) that the implemented SoC is working as expected. It is able to exchange TCP/IP packets between two PCs. Moreover, Ethernet connection has bandwidth up to 83.6 Mbps and PHY layer <em>baud rate</em> has bandwidth up to 921600 bps.</p>

A test method for analysing disturbed ethernet data streams

Ethernet connections, which are widely used in many computer networks, can suffer from electromagnetic interference. Typically, a degradation of the data transmission rate can be perceived as electromagnetic disturbances lead to corruption of data frames on the network media. In this paper a software-based measuring method is presented, which allows a direct assessment of the effects on the link layer. The results can directly be linked to the physical interaction without the influence of software related effects on higher protocol layers. This gives a simple tool for a quantitative analysis of the disturbance of an Ethernet connection based on time domain data. An example is shown, how the data can be used for further investigation of mechanisms and detection of intentional electromagnetic attacks.

Optical Tracking System

The presented optical tracking system allows intuitive controlling and programming of industrial robots by demonstration. The system is engineered with low cost components. Using an active marker (IR-LEDs) in combination with a stereo vision configuration of the camera system and the selection of suitable algorithms for the process chain of the image processing a positioning accuracy in the range of millimeters has been achieved. The communication between the tracking system and the robot is realized by using the TCP/IP protocol via an Ethernet connection.