Stress, cognitive, emotional and ergonomic demands in interpreting and translation

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for modulating peripheral functions in the human body and consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. Its activation affects, among other things, heart rate, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, and blink rate. For some years now, physiological measurements have found their way into interpreting and translation studies to investigate, in particular, cognitive, emotional and ergonomic demands and stress in translating, interpreting and post-editing. We conducted a meta-review of publications from 1990 until 2020 in order to investigate the relevance of (a) the four constructs of emotional, cognitive and ergonomic demands and physiological stress and of (b) physiological data for translation and interpreting research. With our selection of search terms, we identified 369 publications investigating one of the four constructs, of which 28 use physiological data. Analysis of the 28 studies shows a tendency towards triangulating physiological with other types of data, which reflects the complexity of the investigated tasks and constructs. Moreover, there seems to be an effort to increase sample size, which is an important step towards more robust results in quantitative research in the field.

Association of electronic-health record (EHR)-derived race with BRCA testing in patients (pts) with breast cancer (BC) with similar genetic ancestry (GA) in a clinicogenomic database (CGDB).

6524 Background: Disparities in health outcomes can be affected by biological factors associated with GA and social determinants of health. These factors can be teased apart using GA data from comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) in pts with cancer. CGDBs that link EHR data with CGP enable the selection of pts with similar GA. Holding GA constant provides an opportunity to directly study the effects of reported race in health disparities. This study evaluated a published racial disparity (BRCA testing rates in African American [AA] vs White pts with BC) in a population with fixed, similar GA. Methods: The nationwide (US-based) deidentified Flatiron Health and Foundation Medicine (FMI) BC CGDB (Q3 2020) was used. For each pt, GA fractions from 5 geographic ancestry groups (African [AFR]; Admixed American; East Asian; European [EUR]; South Asian) were derived by FMI using an admixture analysis workflow using genes captured in the CGP assay. To focus on BRCA testing in AA vs White pts and find a sufficient population with similar GA but AA or White race, pts with admixture of both EUR and AFR ancestry were selected. The chosen fractions were: Cohort 1=35%-65% AFR and EUR each; Cohort 2=25%-60% AFR and EUR each; Cohort 3=30%-60% AFR. Cohorts overlap but were chosen to increase sample size. In each cohort, documented BRCA testing prevalence, time from diagnosis to BRCA test date, age at BRCA test and overall survival (OS) were compared between races. Other race (OR) and missing race (MR) were also reported. Results: Most pts (4130/6903) in the BC CGDB had ≥75% EUR ancestry; 129 pts had AFR ancestry fractions ≥25% with EUR ancestry >0%. AA pts had the lowest BRCA testing rates (39%, 43%, 44% for Cohorts 1-3, respectively), which were 18%, 10% and 17% lower compared with White pts, respectively (Table). In Cohorts 1-3, AA pts experienced a longer median time between diagnosis and testing (399, 668, 900 days) compared with White pts (93, 667, 106 days). The median age at BRCA test was 16, 9 and 8 years younger in AA pts (49, 47 and 50 years) compared with White pts. Although pts with MR data had the lowest OS compared with the other races within each cohort, the sample size of each arm for all cohorts was too small to make conclusions. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that when holding GA constant, racial disparities persist in BRCA testing patterns and outcome in pts with BC from a CGDB. With increasing availability of linked clinical and genomic data, further exploration of disparities in genetically similar cohorts can provide deeper insight for cancer outcomes and health disparities research.[Table: see text]

Speech & Song Emotion Recognition Using Multilayer Perceptron and Standard Vector Machine

herein, we have compared the performance of SVM and MLP in emotion recognition using speech and song channels of the RAVDESS dataset. We have undertaken a journey to extract various audio features, identify optimal scaling strategy and hyperparameter for our models. To increase sample size, we have performed audio data augmentation and addressed data imbalance using SMOTE. Our data indicate that optimised SVM outperforms MLP with an accuracy of 82 compared to 75%. Following data augmentation, the performance of both algorithms was identical at ~79%, however, overfitting was evident for the SVM. Our final exploration indicated that the performance of both SVM and MLP were similar in which both resulted in lower accuracy for the speech channel compared to the song channel. Our findings suggest that both SVM and MLP are powerful classifiers for emotion recognition in a vocal-dependent manner.

Covert Cognition in Disorders of Consciousness: A Meta-Analysis

Covert cognition in patients with disorders of consciousness represents a real diagnostic conundrum for clinicians. In this meta-analysis, our main objective was to identify clinical and demographic variables that are more likely to be associated with responding to an active paradigm. Among 2018 citations found on PubMed, 60 observational studies were found relevant. Based on the QUADAS-2, 49 studies were considered. Data from 25 publications were extracted and included in the meta-analysis. Most of these studies used electrophysiology as well as counting tasks or mental imagery. According to our statistical analysis, patients clinically diagnosed as being in a vegetative state and in a minimally conscious state minus (MCS−) show similar likelihood in responding to active paradigm and responders are most likely suffering from a traumatic brain injury. In the future, multi-centric studies should be performed in order to increase sample size, with similar methodologies and include structural and functional neuroimaging in order to identify cerebral markers related to such a challenging diagnosis.

Population-specific reference panels are crucial for genetic analyses: an example of the CREBRF locus in Native Hawaiians

Statistical imputation applied to genome-wide array data is the most cost-effective approach to complete the catalog of genetic variation in a study population. However, imputed genotypes in underrepresented populations incur greater inaccuracies due to ascertainment bias and a lack of representation among reference individuals, further contributing to the obstacles to study these populations. Here we examined the consequences due to the lack of representation by genotyping in a large number of self-reported Native Hawaiians (N = 3693) a functionally important, Polynesian-specific variant in the CREBRF gene, rs373863828. We found the derived allele was significantly associated with several adiposity traits with large effects (e.g. ~ 1.28 kg/m2 per allele in body mass index as the most significant; P = 7.5 × 10−5), consistent with the original findings in Samoans. Due to the current absence of Polynesian representation in publicly accessible reference sequences, rs373863828 or its proxies could not be tested through imputation using these existing resources. Moreover, the association signals at the entire CREBRF locus could not be captured by alternative approaches, such as admixture mapping. In contrast, highly accurate imputation can be achieved even if a small number (<200) of internally constructed Polynesian reference individuals were available; this would increase sample size and improve the statistical evidence of associations. Taken together, our results suggest the alarming possibility that lack of representation in reference panels could inhibit discovery of functionally important loci such as CREBRF. Yet, they could be easily detected and prioritized with improved representation of diverse populations in sequencing studies.

Combining MUSIC Spatial Sampling and Bootstrap to Estimate Closed Space DOA for Few Samples

DOA estimation in array processing uses MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) algorithm, mainly. It’s the most investigated technique and is very attractive because of its simplicity. However, it meets drawbacks and fails when only very few samples are available and the sources are very close or highly correlated. In these conditions, the problem is more intricate and the detection of targets becomes arduous. To overcome these problems, a new algorithm is developed in this paper. We combine bootstrap technique to increase sample size, spatial sampling and MUSIC method to improve resolution. Through different simulations, the performance and the effectiveness of the proposed approach, referred as spatial Sampling and Bootstrapped technique ‘’SSBoot’’, are demonstrated.

2376 Efficacy of a 4-part program on brain development

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: (1) Provide basic brain knowledge about development and resiliency. (2) Develop an understanding of how a mother can impact a child’s brain development. (3) Foster a sense of agency to increase the likelihood that a mother will enact positive changes. (4) Develop the ability to recognize a connection between one’s own behaviors and a child’s development and behaviors. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Tested the efficacy of a 4-week intervention program on neurodevelopment for homeless mothers. Mothers (n=4) residing at the Center for the Homeless in South Bend, IN were recruited. Used community partner feedback, weekly surveys, and pre/post tests to look at changes in basic content knowledge, behavioral change, and self-efficacy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary results indicate an increase in knowledge about neurodevelopment, although results on behavioral changes are inconclusive. The program is anticipated to run a second time with a new group of parents residing in the Center for the Homeless to increase sample size. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Anticipated that the results will add to the existing literature concerning effective interventions in strengthening parenting and neuroscience knowledge in vulnerable populations.

The Relationship between Boundary Layer Stability and Cloud Cover in the Post-Cold-Frontal Region

Using NASA Aqua MODIS and AIRS data, the relationship between low-level cloud cover (cloud top below the 700-hPa level) and boundary layer stability is explored in post-cold-frontal conditions. A linear relationship is found between seasonal cloud cover and two separate measures of inversion strength, the lower-tropospheric stability (LTS) and the estimated inversion strength (EIS), for two specific regions in the North Atlantic and Pacific in quiescent and weakly subsiding conditions. The relationship barely changes when considering dynamically active and subsiding post-cold-frontal conditions for the same regions. To explore the generality of this result and increase sample size, cold-front-centered composites of cloud cover and stability are constructed. The Northern and Southern Hemisphere seasonal cloud cover and stability distributions in the post-cold-frontal regions are then compared. A fairly good correlation between cloud cover and EIS is found in both hemispheres across all seasons, suggesting that a linear relationship between cloud cover and inversion strength proposed for quiescent conditions exists also in more dynamically active subsiding post-cold-frontal conditions. However, for a given season and hemisphere, the correlation between cloud cover and EIS degrades in post-cold-frontal regions, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. At these scales, other large-scale factors tend to correlate better with cloud cover.

Capture-induced physiological stress and postrelease mortality for Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) from a recreational fishery

Southern bluefin tuna (SBT; Thunnus maccoyii) are a popular component of the recreational large pelagic game fishery in Australia. The fishery is managed using individual fisher catch limits. Fifty-nine pop-up archival transmitting (PAT) tags were attached to individual SBT to estimate postrelease survival (PRS) rates. Fish caught on lures configured with J-hooks (n = 44) and those caught on circle hooks (n = 8) had similar PRS rates and were combined to increase sample size, revealing a PRS estimate of 83.0% (95% CI: 75.9%–90.7%, n = 54). The PRS estimate of fish caught on lures with treble hooks was much lower, 60% (95% CI: 20%–100%, n = 5). By sampling blood from 233 fish, including 56 of the PAT-tagged individuals, we show that angling duration is related to an elevation of lactate, cortisol, and osmolarity in blood plasma, indicative of increased physiological stress. Physical damage related to hooking location, angling duration, biochemical indicators of physiological stress, and handling duration were not identified as significant factors leading to postrelease mortality. The results quantify a previously unaccounted source of mortality for SBT.