Community perception and utilization of raru in Bonalumban Village

Village life around the forest is inseparable from the existence of the forest. The use of raru as a forest product has been passed down from generation to generation in the community of Bonalumban Village, Tukka District, Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra. The study of community perceptions and dependencies on Raru in Bonalumban village is needed to determine the potential of raru and encourage efforts to preserve raru. The method of selecting respondents is done by purposive sampling by selecting general respondents and specialized respondents. Data analysis uses descriptive statistics. Public perceptions about the existence of raru in nature are still plentiful so there is no public effort to regenerate. Community dependency on raru is grouped into four categories, that is for sale, palm wine concoctions, animal cages, and building materials. Raru harvesting activities by felling without being accompanied by cultivation activities causes the presence of raru vegetation to decrease.

"GO BACK IN YOUR FETUS CAVE": HOW PREDATORY INFLUENCERS MANIPULATE AUDIENCES THROUGH PLATFORM RETREATS

In the summer of 2020, dozens of high-profile influencers in videogaming entertainment were accused of sexual harassment and predatory behavior. Among these, popular gaming YouTuber Craig Thompson (username 'Mini Ladd') confessed on Twitter to grooming minors but resumed uploading content to his YouTube channel one month later, resulting in public outcry. Thompson’s return to YouTube provides a case study in how predatory influencers can manipulate affordances across platforms, especially on YouTube, to insulate themselves from accountability and maintain their platform. Using scraped data from Twitter (34k tweets) and YouTube (62k comments and video network data), this article uses a mixed-methods social network analysis (Burgess and Matamoros-Fernández 2016) to map the public effort to deplatform Mini Ladd. This case study raises questions about cross-platform insulation and audience manipulation, by demonstrating how a predatory influencer 1) censored keywords in his comments to obfuscate criticism 2) gamed YouTube’s video algorithms to avoid references to his scandal and 3) redirected harassment onto his own fanbase. Ultimately, I argue that predatory influencers manipulate YouTube’s platform affordances to insulate themselves from accountability in the absence of moderation.

Русское маслоделие (традиции, новации и развитие промышленности) XIX–XX в.

Русское маслоделие развивалось в XIX–XX вв. как общенародное при участии всех слоев общества. Это позволило создать в стране промышленное производство высокого международного уровня. В статье рассмотрены последовательные периоды процесса. 1. Основу русского маслоделия составляли народные традиции получения масла из коровьего молока, имевшие этническую специфику. Она определялась особенностями климата с продолжительными зимами, на время которых прекращалась лактация у рогатого скота, что требовало заготовки запасов продуктов. В крестьянском хозяйстве этим занимались женщины. Они владели разными способами получения масла, в том числе – конечного продукта – топленого масла, проходившего обработку жаром русской печи и приобретавшего возможность неограниченного срока хранения. 2. Инициатором развития товарного маслоделия являлся Н.В. Верещагин. Он ознакомился с технологией получения сливочного масла в сельских артелях разных государств и поставил целью внедрить этот опыт в России для улучшения быта российского крестьянства. Преодолевая сопротивления чиновников и привлекая единомышленников, он открывал общедоступные школы и заводы маслоделия с использованием местного народного опыта. 3. Работа активизировалась в Сибири, где крестьяне владели большими стадами дойного скота. Важную роль играло создание Союзов маслоделов, которые организовывали артели, обеспечивали хранение и доставку товаров, устанавливали связи с международным рынком, на котором русское масло потеснило других экспортеров. 4. В советский период началось развитие маслоделия на государственном уровне. Организацию индустриального производства вели последовательно и многопланово: селекционная работа животноводов сочеталась с сохранением этнической специфики и укреплением традиционной базы молочного сырья, технические институты разрабатывали современное оборудование, соответственно улучшалось качество продукта, осуществлялось повсеместное поступление его в торговую сеть. Russian butter making developed in XIX–XX cc. as a public effort involving all strata of the society. This effort helped create industrial production of the highest international level. The article defines consequent periods of this process. 1. Russian butter-making was based on national traditions of obtaining butter from cow’s milk, which were ethnically specific. The specificity was determined by the climate with long winters, during which the lactation of cattle ceased, which required preparing food supplies. Women were responsible for this in the peasant economy. They practiced various methods of obtaining butter, including the final product – ghee, which was processed by the heat of a Russian stove and could be stored during unlimited period. 2. The pioneer of the development of commercial butter-making was N.V. Vereshchagin. He studied the technology of obtaining butter in rural artels of different states and set the goal to introduce this experience in Russia to improve the life of the peasantry. Overcoming the resistance of officials and involving like-minded people, he opened public schools and butter-making factories using local experience. 3. The work intensified in Siberia, where peasants owned large herds of dairy cattle. The Unions of Butter Makers played an important role organizing artels, providing the storage and delivery of goods, establishing connections with the international market, where Russian butter surpassed other exporters. 4. During the Soviet period, the development of butter-making at the state level began. The industrial production was organized in a consistent and multifaceted manner: the selection work of livestock breeders was combined with the preservation of ethnic specificity and the strengthening of the traditional base of dairy raw materials, while technical institutes developed modern equipment, so the quality of the product improved and it was abundantly supplied to the trade network.

Public and community conservation of biodiversity—rivalry or cooperation?

Although private or community initiatives for biodiversity conservation (such as land trusts) have a strong tradition in many countries, rigorous evidence of recently evolved movements in post-socialist countries is missing. This study describes the evolution of Czech land trust movement and analyses their representatives’ motivation for engagement in biodiversity conservation. It also investigates the intensity of interaction among public and land trust conservation efforts. For this purpose, we identified localities in which the territory managed by Czech land trusts overlaps with small-scale public nature reserves managed by regional governments. We conducted semi-structured face-to-face interviews with representatives of all NGOs and regional officials in-charge. Our qualitative analysis revealed that some regional biodiversity conservation officials see land trusts as partners, but others are rather indifferent to, or uninformed about, their activities. Additionally, land trust representatives see themselves as complementing the public effort: their main motivation for engagement is to facilitate biodiversity conservation in addition to the public provision.

Peculiar Rhetoric

The African colonization movement plays a peculiar role in the study of racial equality in the United States. For white colonizationists, the movement was positioned as a compromise between slavery and abolition. For free blacks, colonization offered the hope of freedom, but not within America’s borders. Bjørn F. Stillion Southard shows how politics and identity were negotiated in middle of the public discourse on race, slavery, and freedom in America. Operating from a position of relative power, white advocates argued that colonization was worthy of support from the federal government. Stillion Southard analyzes the speeches of Henry Clay, Elias B. Caldwell, and Abraham Lincoln as efforts to engage with colonization at the level of deliberation. Between Clay and Caldwell’s speeches at the founding of the American Colonization Society in 1816 and Lincoln’s final public effort to encourage colonization in 1862, Stillion Southard explores the speeches and writings of free blacks who grappled with colonization’s conditional promises of freedom. The book examines an array of discourses to explore the complex issues of identity facing free blacks who attempted to meaningfully engage in colonization efforts. From a peculiarly voiced Counter Memorial against the ACS, to the letters of wealthy black merchant Louis Sheridan negotiating for his passage to Liberia, to the civically-minded orations of Hilary Teage in Liberia, Peculiar Rhetoric brings into light the intricacies of blacks who attempted to meaningfully engage in colonization.

Entrepreneurship in Africa through the Eyes of GEDI

Since the 1990s several new indices, including the Index of Economic Freedom, Doing Business and the Global Competitiveness Index, have been created to achieve progress in modernizing the business climates of developed and developing countries alike. These indicators, however, are focused largely on ameliorating burdens for current business, addressing issues with property rights, processes, etc. While necessary in the public effort to improve economic incentives and create employment, they remain insufficient to foster the economic essence of development: entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship policy are not merely about small business, or even at times about business at all; rather, they are about creating environments in which people are able to perceive entrepreneurial opportunities to improve their lives and in which they are empowered to act on their visions. While much has been written about the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and increasingly about the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI), this paper represents the first attempt to examine private enterprise development in Africa.

Health Services for Mothers and Children

During the past 50 years an organized public effort has been made to bring available resources into action for the protection of health of mothers and children. Every state in the union has been helped with federal funds to develop units of their state health departments under medical direction, and to strengthen and support such services. The generic term covering this effort is "maternal and child health." Yet today one may still occasionally hear even pediatric and obstetric residents ask what maternal and child health—or colloquially, MCH –means.

Public Railroad Construction and the Development of Private Enterprise in the South Before 1861

The paper is based upon research over a rather long period into the public activities in railroad construction in the southern states. Table I-A presents a quantitative summary of public contributions in cash, bonds, and other securities; government-endorsed bonds; remission of Federal import duties; and estimated realized values of Federal land grants prior to 1861. It represents an attempt to give a preliminary summary of the public effort. The estimates on public land grants are tentative, and other items are subject to further refinements through additional studies. It does not represent the total of the public effort, since no account is taken in this summary of the investment values of the many important public and quasi-public contributions in services, the uses of public streets and other properties, tax exemptions, and banking privileges. An adequate appraisal of these must await further research. The summary does reflect, however, some of the outstanding features of the public railroad-building effort, which will supply a useful background for the consideration of the main problem of this paper.