scholarly journals Русское маслоделие (традиции, новации и развитие промышленности) XIX–XX в.

2021 ◽  
pp. 238-259
Author(s):  
Виктория Анатольевна Липинская
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
State Level ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Local Experience ◽  
Technical Institutes ◽  
Public Effort

Русское маслоделие развивалось в XIX–XX вв. как общенародное при участии всех слоев общества. Это позволило создать в стране промышленное производство высокого международного уровня. В статье рассмотрены последовательные периоды процесса. 1. Основу русского маслоделия составляли народные традиции получения масла из коровьего молока, имевшие этническую специфику. Она определялась особенностями климата с продолжительными зимами, на время которых прекращалась лактация у рогатого скота, что требовало заготовки запасов продуктов. В крестьянском хозяйстве этим занимались женщины. Они владели разными способами получения масла, в том числе – конечного продукта – топленого масла, проходившего обработку жаром русской печи и приобретавшего возможность неограниченного срока хранения. 2. Инициатором развития товарного маслоделия являлся Н.В. Верещагин. Он ознакомился с технологией получения сливочного масла в сельских артелях разных государств и поставил целью внедрить этот опыт в России для улучшения быта российского крестьянства. Преодолевая сопротивления чиновников и привлекая единомышленников, он открывал общедоступные школы и заводы маслоделия с использованием местного народного опыта. 3. Работа активизировалась в Сибири, где крестьяне владели большими стадами дойного скота. Важную роль играло создание Союзов маслоделов, которые организовывали артели, обеспечивали хранение и доставку товаров, устанавливали связи с международным рынком, на котором русское масло потеснило других экспортеров. 4. В советский период началось развитие маслоделия на государственном уровне. Организацию индустриального производства вели последовательно и многопланово: селекционная работа животноводов сочеталась с сохранением этнической специфики и укреплением традиционной базы молочного сырья, технические институты разрабатывали современное оборудование, соответственно улучшалось качество продукта, осуществлялось повсеместное поступление его в торговую сеть. Russian butter making developed in XIX–XX cc. as a public effort involving all strata of the society. This effort helped create industrial production of the highest international level. The article defines consequent periods of this process. 1. Russian butter-making was based on national traditions of obtaining butter from cow’s milk, which were ethnically specific. The specificity was determined by the climate with long winters, during which the lactation of cattle ceased, which required preparing food supplies. Women were responsible for this in the peasant economy. They practiced various methods of obtaining butter, including the final product – ghee, which was processed by the heat of a Russian stove and could be stored during unlimited period. 2. The pioneer of the development of commercial butter-making was N.V. Vereshchagin. He studied the technology of obtaining butter in rural artels of different states and set the goal to introduce this experience in Russia to improve the life of the peasantry. Overcoming the resistance of officials and involving like-minded people, he opened public schools and butter-making factories using local experience. 3. The work intensified in Siberia, where peasants owned large herds of dairy cattle. The Unions of Butter Makers played an important role organizing artels, providing the storage and delivery of goods, establishing connections with the international market, where Russian butter surpassed other exporters. 4. During the Soviet period, the development of butter-making at the state level began. The industrial production was organized in a consistent and multifaceted manner: the selection work of livestock breeders was combined with the preservation of ethnic specificity and the strengthening of the traditional base of dairy raw materials, while technical institutes developed modern equipment, so the quality of the product improved and it was abundantly supplied to the trade network.

scholarly journals Methodology for assessment of food security of countries

VUZF Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Robert Jurczak
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The World ◽  
National Food Security ◽  
Global Food

A comprehensive assessment of national food security should include an analysis of the physical and economic accessibility of food, the level and quality of nutrition of the population, the sustainability and competitiveness of agriculture, factors and trends of self-sufficiency in the main types of agricultural products, raw materials and food and the effectiveness of foreign trade in food. To assess the food security situation at the state level, it is necessary to conduct monitoring, which consists in determining the deviations of the main indicators from the criteria and thresholds established at the national level. The monitoring should determine the format of the national report on the country's food security. The number of indicators that make up its basis, should be optimal and sufficient to reflect the level of food security of the country and compare them with the situation in other countries. At the same time, it is necessary to analyze trends in ensuring food security at the global level in terms of the progress of countries and regions of the world in achieving the goals of sustainable development in agriculture, the elimination of hunger and poverty for the period up to 2030.  Conducting a study of the components of the global food security index, formed at the world level to measure the policy and efficiency of government agencies in the field of food security, is relevant and in demand for positioning the country within the framework of international comparison of countries.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND RATIONAL PLACEMENT OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN THE COUNTRY

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Agrarian Economy ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
Reducing Costs

developed system of territorial and sectoral division of labor in agro-industrial production is largely capable of ensuring the functioning of the agrarian economy of each region and country as a whole, reducing costs and improving the quality of food products and agricultural raw materials.

scholarly journals EXPERIENCE IN TARGETED TRAINING OF ENGINEERS

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
O. A. Strakhov ◽  
A. F. Strakhov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Period ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Practical Skills ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Technical Institutes ◽  
Flexible Schedule ◽  
Fair Wage ◽  
The University

Currently, a significant part of engineers at the industrial enterprises are persons of preretirement or retirement age. There is a critical need for a young generation of engineers in order to replenish natural loss and ensure new demands for personnel when expending production. A conventional approach to solving this problem is replenishment of engineers by involving university graduates. However, in most cases this approach turns to be inefficient due to several reasons. The first reason is the quality of graduates training. The second reason is lack of practical skills among the university graduates in order to directly involve them in work given the specificity of the enterprise. In particular, it becomes obvious when involving the university graduates in R&D activities. In the Soviet period, there was interesting experience of combining study at a university and involvement in performance of real production tasks by means of organization of «plants-vocational technical institutes» [1, 2]. This article considers the results of an experiment on combining study at universities (according to a flexible schedule) and direct involvement in current R&D activities performed at JSC Principle Production and Technical Company Granit. Besides, the university graduates having major specialisation were involved in a real work from the first course and received fair wage. During three years, the enterprise replenished vacant technical positions by involving students, and when they graduates from the university it receives qualified engineers who have a required set of knowledge and skills in the area of R&D of the enterprise.

Food procurement in English-language Canadian public schools: Opportunities and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-99
Author(s):  
Shawna Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
English Language ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Food Environments ◽  
School Food ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
School Food Environment

This paper examines the changes to procurement for school food environments in Canada as a response to changes to nutrition regulations at the provincial level. Interviews with those working in school food environments across Canada revealed how changes to the nutrition requirements of foods and beverages sold in schools presented opportunities to not only improve the nutrient content of the items made available in school food environments, but also to include local producers and/or school gardens in procuring for the school food environment. At the same time, some schools struggle to procure nutritionally compliant foods due to increased costs associated with transporting produce to rural, remote, or northern communities as well as logistic difficulties like spoilage. Although the nutrition regulations have facilitated improvements to food environments in some schools, others require more support to improve the overall nutritional quality of the foods and beverages available to students at school.

TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HIGH QUALITY RAW MATERIAL OBTAINING FOR PECTIN PRODUCTION

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
I. A. Ilina ◽  
I. A. Machneva ◽  
E. S. Bakun
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Temperature Conductivity ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Gel Forming Ability

  The article is devoted to the study of the chemical composition, physical and thermal-pfysical characteristics of damp apple pomaces and the identifying patterns of influence of drying temperature the functional composition and gel-forming ability of pectin. The research is aimed at obtaining initial data for the subsequent calculation of the main technological, hydro-mechanical, thermal, structural and economic characteristics of devices for drying the plant raw materials, ensuring the environmental safety and high quality of pectin-containing raw materials, the reducing heat and energy costs. As a result of the study of the thermal characteristics of apple pomaces, the critical points (temperature conductivity – 16.5 x 10-8 m2/s, thermal conductivity – 0.28 W/m K, heat capacity – 1627 j/(kg K)) at a humidity of 56 % are determined, which characterizing the transition from the extraction of weakly bound moisture to the extraction of moisture with strong bonds (colloidal, adsorption). It was found that the pomaces obtained from apples of late ripening have a higher content of solids (21-23 %), soluble pectin and protopectin (2.5-4.5 %). Dried pomaces obtained from apple varieties of late ripening contain up to 25 % pectin, which allow us to recommend them as a source of raw materials for the production of pectin. The optimum modes of preliminary washing of raw materials are offered, allowing to the remove the ballast substances as much as possible. It is established that when the drying temperature increases, the destructive processes are catalyzed: the strength of the pectin jelly and the uronide component and the degree of pectin esterification are reduced. The optimum drying temperature of damp apple pomaces is 80 0C, at which the quality of pectin extracted from the dried raw materials is maintained as much as possible. It is shown that the most effective for the pectin production is a fraction with a particle size of 3-5 mm, which allow us to extract up to 71 % of pectin from raw materials.

STRATEGI MENINGKATKAN LOYALITAS KONSUMEN MAKANAN KHAS KOTA CURUP KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onsardi Onsardi
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Consumer Loyalty ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Typical Food ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The title of this study is the Strategy of Increasing Consumer Food Loyalty in CurupCity, Rejang Lebong Regency (Case Study in "Henvian" Typical Food Industry). Thisresearch is based on the importance of strategies in increasing business and consumerloyalty to products sold.Strategies to increase business and consumer loyalty can bedone with a SWOT analysis. Place of this research is the "Henvian" shop that sellstypical Rejang lebong food. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative.Informants in this study were people who were considered to know for certain about theHENVIAN Specialty Food Store in Curup City, Rejang Lebong Regency. The dataanalysis technique used in this study is a SWOT analysis to determine the strengths,weaknesses, opportunities and threats in a typical Rejang Lebong food business.By using SWOT analysis techniques that consist of strengths (weakness), weaknesses(weakness), opportunities (opportnity) and threats (threath). The results of this studycan be concluded that the internal factors that are the strength of the marketing strategyare the quality of the product that is good at a price affordable to the public andtourists, service that is friendly and responsive to consumer needs, as well astechnological advancements that facilitate the promotion of business. Internal factorsthat are a weakness are often lack of stock, there are some products that do not meet thestandard packaging, the product shelf life is short, employees do not use uniforms.External factors that become opportunities are a fairly high economic community,abundant raw materials while external factors that are a threat are the manycompetitors, an unstable economy, the price of basic needs increases. Based on theresults of the SWOT analysis of internal and external factors, the strategy used is toimprove product quality by improving the appearance of packaging and quality ofcontent and quality of service by providing uniforms to employees and providingstandards of service to consumers. .Keywords: Strategy, Consumer Loyalty, SWOT

Safety assessment of biological raw materials in the system of medicines quality assurance

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Yu. Olefir ◽  
E. Sakanyan ◽  
I. Osipova ◽  
V. Dobrynin ◽  
M. Smirnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
First Time ◽  
Medicines Quality

The entry of a wide range of biotechnological products into the pharmaceutical market calls for rein-forcement of the quality, efficacy and safety standards at the state level. The following general monographs have been elaborated for the first time to be included into the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition: "Viral safety" and "Reduction of the risk of transmitting animal spongiform encephalopathy via medicinal products". These general monographs were elaborated taking into account the requirements of foreign pharmacopoeias and the WHO recommendations. The present paper summarises the key aspects of the monographs.

Change of quality indexes of premixes in the storage process

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Oksana Bitlian ◽  
Oksana Kravchenko ◽  
Tetiana Kodak ◽  
Andrii Onyshchenko ◽  
Tetiana Konks
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Storage Process ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Qualitative Responses ◽  
Chelating Compounds ◽  
Quality Indexes

The analysis of literature sources shows that the type and material from which the packaging is made has an important place in the system of factors which influence on the storage of feed products and also prevents reducing the quality of raw materials and finished products. Therefore, the purpose of our research is the technological justification of changing the quality indexes of premix samples with salts of trace elements of different chemical nature in the process of storage. For the solution of the tasks, common zootechnical and statistical methods of the research were used. The use of premixes in feeding pigs is based on the fact that they should be used taking into account the biogeochemical properties of the region for which they are calculated. Foods depending on regional properties have a special biochemical composition and excess or lack of individual substances should be offset by the composition of premix. Ignoring this provision necessarily leads to the inappropriate use of BAR, the misbalance of the diet in relation to the physiological needs and inefficiency of the industry. In turn, it requires the purchase and conservation of products for the period of use. Various chemical structures and structures of BAR during the storage process react differently and change qualitative indexes, which leads to a decrease in the productive activity of active substances. It was determined that the humidity of premixes varied within the limits of 12.0-13.0 %, which exceeded the normative, but was not critical, the highest acidity had premix with sulfuric acid salts (6.9 units), the least - premix with lysates (5.7 unit). According to the results of the study, positive qualitative responses were found for the presence of vitamins A, D and B2, macro- and micronutrients: potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, cobalt, iodine. The above facts of changes in the properties of premixes in the process of storage must be taken into account when providing technological bases for feeding pigs in order to obtain high gains and the quality of manufactured products. Key words: premix, micro-and macro elements, combined fodders, fodder mixes, chelating compounds, feeding, using, pigs' livestock.

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