Effect of Step Gate Work Function on InGaAs p-TFET for Low Power Switching Applications

In this study, we theoretically investigated the effect of step gate work function on the InGaAs p-TFET device, which is formed by dual material gate (DMG). We analyzed the performance parameters of the device for low power digital and analog applications based on the gate work function difference (∆ϕS-D) of the source (ϕS) and drain (ϕD) side gate electrodes. In particular, the work function of the drain (ϕD) side gate electrodes was varied with respect to the high work function of the source side gate electrode (Pt, ϕS = 5.65 eV) to produce the step gate work function. It was found that the device performance varies with the variation of gate work function difference (∆ϕS-D) due to a change in the electric field distribution, which also changes the carrier (hole) distribution of the device. We achieved low subthreshold slope (SS) and off-state current (Ioff) of 30.89 mV/dec and 0.39 pA/µm, respectively, as well as low power dissipation, when the gate work function difference (∆ϕS-D = 1.02 eV) was high. Therefore, the device can be a potential candidate for the future low power digital applications. On the other hand, high transconductance (gm), high cut-off frequency (fT), and low output conductance (gd) of the device at low gate work function difference (∆ϕS-D = 0.61 eV) make it a viable candidate for the future low power analog applications.

PSVII-12 The effects of parity and diet on the rumen function and apparent digestibility in dairy cattle

The primiparity and multiparity dairy cattle were fed in the same diet and different barn in the scaled farm because heifer has a lower social hierarchy. There is little attention to the rumen function difference of these cattle. Here we selected thirty-two dairy cattle and separated them into four groups: prime-prepartum (PP), prime-lactation (PL), multi-prepartum (MP), and multi-lactation (ML) (n=8). The PP and MP groups were given high-roughage diets, and the other two groups were given high-grain diets. The rumen fluid and feces were sampled from each animal. The rumen fluid enzyme activity, fermentation profile, and apparent digestibility were analyzed using SAS’s PROC MIXED model (SAS version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). β-glucosidase and amylase were affected by the parity and diet (P < 0.05). Cellulase was affected by the parity, and dehydrogenase was affected by parity and diet interaction (P < 0.05). Rumen pH, NH3-N, microbial crude protein (MCP), isovalerate, and acetate/propionate (A/P) were affected by parity (P < 0.05). MCP and volatile fatty acid were affected by the diets (P < 0.05). The rumen pH, acetate, propionate, and butyrate were affected by parity and diet interaction (P < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of the neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE) were affected by the diet and the interaction of diet and parity (P < 0.05). The CP and EE apparent digestibility were only affected by the parity (P < 0.05). Our results indicated beside the diet, the parity also affected the rumen function and apparent digestibility. Although the dairy cattle in the same physical stage, the parity effects on the rumen function and digestibility should be considered when making the diet formula.

Estimating raindrop size distributions and vertical air motions with spectral difference using vertically pointing radar

Doppler spectra measured by vertically pointing radars are inherently linked to raindrop size distributions (DSDs). But, accurate estimation of DSDs remains challenging because raindrop spectra are broadened by atmospheric turbulence and shifted by vertical air motions. This paper presents a novel method to estimate vertical air motions that there is no need to assume a model for DSD at each range gate. The theory of the new method is that the spectral difference between the adjacent range gates is contributed by vertical air motions and the variability of DSDs. The contribution of the change of DSDs is estimated by looking up the prepared tables (LUTs) of raindrop velocity difference and shape function difference. Then, the vertical air motions can be estimated by minimizing the cost function of the two spectra between the adjacent range gates. The retrieval algorithm is applied to three cases including a stratiform and two convective observed by a C band vertically pointing radar in Longmen, Guangdong province of China in June 2016. Before that, the spectrum broadening effect is removed by the traditional deconvolution method with a wind profiler. The vertical profiles of precipitation parameters are also retrieved to investigate the microphysical process. The precipitation parameters retrieved near the surface are compared with the ground data collected by a two-dimensional video disdrometer(2DVD) and the results show good agreements.

Growth of ZnO Nanorods on ITO Film for Piezoelectric Nanogenerators

Piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs) consist of zinc oxide nanorods (ZNRs), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers were fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated substrate for the energy harvesting system. The formation of seed layers by an optimized aqueous solution method greatly helped the growth of well-aligned ZNRs for NGs. Polyethylenimine (PEI) was added to increase the aspect ratio of ZNRs, which reached up to 24:1, showing the best energy harvesting performance of NGs. The formation of PDMS layers on the ZNRs increased the work function difference for the top Ag electrode. The thickness of PDMS layers was optimized as 80 μm, which showed the maximum work function difference, resulting in the enhancement of charge density. Piezoelectric NGs made of ZNRs of the highest aspect ratio of 24:1 with an 80-μm-thick PDMS layer achieved the highest current density of 2270.1 nA/cm2, which could be sufficient to drive low-power electronics.

Impact of Work function Engineering in Charge Plasma Based Bipolar Devices

In this paper, we have explored and justified the reason behind the degradation in the cutoff frequency of the bipolar transistors evolved from the charge plasma concept. It has been observed that if the work function difference present between the emitter metal contact and silicon is greater than or equal to 0.68 eV ( ϕ m - ϕ SI = 4.05 eV - 4.73 eV), it results in increment in the base width which is the inverse of the cutoff frequency. On top of this, two dimensional TCAD simulation of the different bipolar devices also demonstrate the same base width widening effect into the intrinsic region which is present between the base region and collector region. Apart from this, if this difference is exactly equal to 0.5 eV ( ϕ m - ϕ SI = 4.23 eV - 4.73 eV) then the base width widening effect can be completely eliminated from the bipolar devices base on the charge plasma.

Designing C6N6/C2N van der Waals heterostructures for photogenerated charge carrier separation

A new two-dimensional C6N6/C2N van der Waals heterostructure is proposed to realize photocatalytic water splitting. The work function difference promotes charge transfer from the C2N to C6N6 layer.

DESIGN OF CURRICULUM FOR EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION IN THE LIGHT OF (QUALITY MATTERS) STANDARDS AND IT'S EFFICIENCY IN DEVELOP ELECTRONIC EVALUATION SKILLS FOR STUDENTS FEMALES AT EDUCATION IN KING SAUD UNIVERSITY DESIGN OF CURRICULUM FOR EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION

This study aimed to design of electronic curriculum for educational evaluation in the light of Quality Matters standards and measuring effectiveness in develop electronic evaluation skills for (42) students female from students of education college in King Saud University and it's an experimental study group apply to them :(Cognitive test for electronic evaluation skills for educational evaluation curriculum and three card for notice skills sides for electronic evaluation skills). After proceed the statistical treatments, the study results showed the following: There is a statistically function difference at the level (α >01) between the average scores of the study sample in after and before application for the collective test for cognitive side foe electronic evaluation skills for educational evaluation curriculum for education college students in King Saud University for the benefit of before application scores average. There is a statistically function difference at the level (α >01) between the average scores of the study sample in after and before application for all main skills and total score for performance side notice cards (Electronic tests, Electronic questionnaire, Electronic achievement file) for electronic evaluation skills for educational evaluation curriculum for education college students in King Saud University for the benefit of before application scores average. Suggested design efficiency for educational evaluation curriculum in the light of Quality Matters standards for education college students in King Saud University in electronic evaluation skills development. Recommendations: Design education college curriculum in the light of Quality Matters standards. Training faculty members on design electronic curriculums in the light of Quality Matters standards. Interesting in electronic evaluation skills development for students' teachers in all education colleges. Benefit from the curriculum to training teachers during the service on electronic evaluation skills. Suggestions: Study the attitudes of faculty members and students about the suggested curriculum and barrier of it's application. Design an educational environment in the light of Quality Matters standards to develop electronic evaluation skills for secondary school level teachers.

Analysis of Liver Function Difference in Severe and Non-severe COVID-19 Patients

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.