Silicon MEMS Thermocatalytic Gas Sensor in Miniature Surface Mounted Device Form

A reduced size thermocatalytic gas sensor was developed for the detection of methane over the 20% of the explosive concentration. The sensor chip is formed from two membranes with a 150 µm diameter heated area in their centers and covered with highly dispersed nano-sized catalyst and inert reference, respectively. The power dissipation of the chip is well below 70 mW at the 530 °C maximum operation temperature. The chip is mounted in a novel surface mounted metal-ceramic sensor package in the form-factor of SOT-89. The sensitivity of the device is 10 mV/v%, whereas the response and recovery times without the additional carbon filter over the chip are <500 ms and <2 s, respectively. The tests have shown the reliability of the new design concerning the hotplate stability and massive encapsulation, but the high degradation rate of the catalyst coupled with its modest chemical power limits the use of the sensor only in pulsed mode of operation. The optimized pulsed mode reduces the average power consumption below 2 mW.

Three Perceptual Tools for Seeing and Understanding Visualized Data

The visual system evolved and develops to process the scenes, faces, and objects of the natural world, but people adapt this powerful system to process data within an artificial world of visualizations. To extract patterns in data from these artificial displays, viewers appear to use at least three perceptual tools, including a tool that extracts global statistics, one that extracts shapes within the data, and one that produces sentence-like comparisons. A better understanding of the power, limits, and deployment of these tools would lead to better guidelines for designing effective data displays.

Powers and Limits of State during COVID-19 Pandemic: a Critical Appraisal

The research aims to analyze the power and limit of the state and whether Indonesia has properly adopted the concept of powers and limits during state emergency of COVID-19 pandemic. The method of the research was normative legal research which used statute and case approach were employed for data analysis. The result shows that a state may apply some types of power in an emergency condition. However, in using its powers, the government must consider principle of limits in a state of emergency. In fact, Indonesia does not properly adopt the balance of power and limit in the state of emergency during COVID-19 pandemic. It is true that the government may take actions to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the State cannot exceed the limitations of using powers in accordance with state emergency principle. There was a tendency to exceed the limits by the State during the pandemic. The State has violated some state of emergency principles during COVID-19 pandemic such as temporary, the rule of law, necessity, proportionally, intangibility, constitutionalism, harmony, and supervision. The research recommends that the Government and the House of Representatives (the DPR) in the future should obey the state of emergency principles, particularly in terms of state power limits to respect constitutional principles and rule of law. In addition, individuals, groups of people, or organizations may submit judicial review of laws or regulations that violate the state of emergency principles in handling pandemic in the light of protecting the fundamental rights of citizens.

Reversible and Irreversible Expansion of Lithium-ion Batteries Under a Wide Range of Stress Factors

Lithium-ion batteries cell thickness changes as they degrade. These changes in thickness consist of a reversible intercalation-induced expansion and an irreversible expansion. In this work, we study the cell expansion evolution under variety of conditions such as temperature, charging rate, depth of discharge, and pressure.A specialized ?fixture was used to keep the cells at a constant pressure during cycling, while measuring the thickness change both within a cycle and the cumulative growth over many cycles. The changes in positive and negative electrode capacity and stoichiometric range can be diagnosed from the evolution of the reversible expansion. The changes in the reversible expansion if combined with the voltage, lead to a higher-confi?dence estimation of cell health parameters important for lifetime prediction and adoptive battery management such as asymmetric charge/discharge power limits. This study raises the importance of monitoring the expansion for enabling advanced and more-informed health diagnostics of lithium-ion batteries.

Evaluating Research in Personality and Social Psychology: Considerations of Statistical Power and Concerns About False Findings

Traditionally, statistical power was viewed as relevant to research planning but not evaluation of completed research. However, following discussions of high false finding rates (FFRs) associated with low statistical power, the assumed level of statistical power has become a key criterion for research acceptability. Yet, the links between power and false findings are not as straightforward as described. Assumptions underlying FFR calculations do not reflect research realities in personality and social psychology. Even granting the assumptions, the FFR calculations identify important limitations to any general influences of statistical power. Limits for statistical power in inflating false findings can also be illustrated through the use of FFR calculations to (a) update beliefs about the null or alternative hypothesis and (b) assess the relative support for the null versus alternative hypothesis when evaluating a set of studies. Taken together, statistical power should be de-emphasized in comparison to current uses in research evaluation.

A Solution to Economic Dispatch Problem using Hybrid Particle Chemical Reaction Optimization (HP-CRO) Algorithm

The electrical control request is on stagger due to constant growth in entreaty since manufacturing firms besides ménage. Consequently augmented plus price operational power cohort is the prerequisite of the era. In power classification process plus scheduling the Economic Dispatch (ED) tricky is prevailing and noteworthy some. The ED problematic of several standards is disentangled through consequently sundry conventional and meta-heuristics aggrandizement skills. Now the triumphed investigation exertion, a unique plus innovative aggrandizement way, Chemical Reaction Optimization (CRO) mongrelised thru Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) system is recommended aimed at the explanation of ED problematic. Generating unit power limits, load fulfillment and prohibited operating zones remain painstaking by way of guarded on behalf of diverse IEEE customary ED muddles. The non-convex economic dispatch hitch is coded at Hybrid Particle Chemical Reaction Optimization (HP-CRO) contrivance then selected the MATLAB environment intended for 50 prosecutions, 50 search agents and 1000 iterations. The offered scheme stands smeared proceeding a number of IEEE usual trial structures counting six, fifteen plus forty engendering parts. The displayed upshots stay coordinated per quantified wont declared hip the articles aimed at directly above trial structures. The costs obtained commencing wished-for modus operandi bounce a superiority toward individuals gained after new practise on one occasion price opinion.

A Topology Analysis-Based MMC-HVDC Grid Transmission Capacity Calculation Method

Modular multilevel converter-based high voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) has a broad application prospect in renewable energy transmission. With the development of converter capacity, the transmission capacity calculation for MMC-HVDC grids becomes important for power dispatching. The existing method depends on manual work and is suitable for a simple grid. However, as the grid structure and operation modes become more and more complex, it becomes difficult to calculate the transmission capacity of different operation modes for an MMC-HVDC grid. This paper analyzed and simplified affecting factors and basic topologies. On this basis, a topology-based MMC-HVDC grid transmission capacity calculation method is proposed. First, an MMC-HVDC grid is divided into sending end grid, transmission section lines, and receiving end grid. Then the power limits of these three parts are calculated. Finally, the transmission capacity is determined by analyzing the connection mode of these three parts. This method can be adapted to any kind of MMC-HVDC grid and can be easily programmed.