Water balance studies in jack

Water transpired by Jack grown under irrigated and rainfed situations at the University of Agticultura1 Sciences (UAS), Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), Bangalore during the year 1993 has been studied. Irrigated trees transpired 1054.3 mm of water and trees grown under rainfed condition transpired 701.3 mm of water during the period of observation. Two main growth flushes were observed, viz., March last week to May first week and June third week to August first week. In all the trees the first growth flush was observed during the dryspell. The maturity of the fruit got delayed by 20-30 days in the case of irrigated trees.

Ascomycetes from the relic forest of Oreomunnea mexicana, Oaxaca, Mexico

La Esperanza is an Oaxacan relic area of the Tertiary, dominated by the big tree Oreomunnea mexicana (Juglandaceae). The forest is part of the priority region for the conservation of La Chinantla and constitutes one of the most conserved Mexican tropical montane cloud forests. We studied the Ascomycetes fungi and found 63 species, of which 32 are new records for Oaxaca. Ascocoryne inflata, Calyculosphaeria macrospora, Cercophora costaricensis, Chaetosphaeria ellisii, Coccomyces limitatus, Lasiosphaeria ovina, Leptogidium dendriscum, Marthamyces quadrifidus, Stereocaulon didymicum and Thelonectria lucida are new records for Mexico. Xylaria was the most diverse genus with 12 species. The most abundant species were Xylaria arbuscula and Lachnum apalum. The main growth habit was lignicolous. The tropical montane cloud forest of La Esperanza has unique characteristics allowing great taxonomic diversity of Ascomycetes.

New Species of Macroalgae from Tamengo Formation, Ediacaran, Brazil

The Tamengo Formation (Corumbá Group) is an important Ediacaran stratigraphic unit in South America due to the presence of metazoan fossils and geochemistry data of carbonate rocks, with excellent geochronological delimitation (between 555–541 Ma) obtained by U–Pb dating on volcanic zircons. The present work shows three new species of macroalgae found as carbonaceous compressions and studied for their morphology and taxonomy. All new taxa are characterized as centric macroalgae; Tamengophyton espinosa sp. nov. is a fan-shaped alga with striated thalli, dichotomous branches, trichomes with perpendicular growth, and a connecting membrane. Ladariella hidria sp. nov. is formed by a set of striated and branched thalli in a cylindrical form with almond-shaped structures in the top. Ladariophyton veinosa sp. nov. is characterized by the main growth thallus and an enlarged longitudinal structure at the center. These new occurrences of macroalgae add to the largest life assemblages in the Neoproterozoic of South America, which contributes to documentation of the evolutionary history of macroalgae and the paleoecological settings of the Late Ediacaran.

Identifikasi Pusat Pertumbuhan dan Wilayah Pendukungnya dalam Pengembangan Wilayah Kota Kendari

Abstrak Pusat pertumbuhan ialah wilayah atau kawasan yang pertumbuhannya sangat pesat sehingga dijadikan sebagai pusat pembangunan yang mempengaruhi wilayah lain di sekitarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui wilayah mana saja yang termasuk dalam kategori orde I sebagai pusat pertumbuhan ekonomi di Kota Kendari; (2) mengetahui interaksi antara pusat pertumbuhan dan wilayah pendukung disekitarnya. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis skalogram untuk mengetahui pusat pertumbuhan wilayah dan analisis gravitasi untuk mengetahui interaksi antara pusat pertumbuhan dan wilayah pendukung. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) wilayah yang termasuk dalam kategori orde I sebagai pusat pertumbuhan utama di Kota Kendari adalah Kelurahan Bende, Korumba dan Kambu; (2) pusat pertumbuhan Kelurahan Bende memiliki hubungan interaksi yang paling erat dengan Kelurahan Pondambea sebagai daerah sekitarnya (hinterland), pusat pertumbuhan Kelurahan Korumba memiliki hubungan interaksi yang paling erat dengan Kelurahan Alolama sebagai daerah hinterland, dan pusat pertumbuhan Kelurahan Kambu memiliki hubungan interaksi yang paling erat dengan Kelurahan Padaleu sebagai hinterland. Kata Kunci: Pusat pertumbuhan, Interaksi wilayah, Analisis Skalogram, Analisis Gravitasi Abstract The growth center is a region or area that is very rapidly growing so that it is made as a development center affecting other regions around it. The research aims to: (1) Know which areas are intended in the category I order as the center of economic growth in the city of Kendari; (2) Know the interaction between the growth center and the surrounding area supporting. Data analysis methods used in this study: Analysis of Skalogram to find out the regional growth and Gravity analysis to know the interaction between growth centres and support areas. The results of the research include: (1) The region that belongs to the category of order I as the main growth center in the district of Kendari is Bende village, Korumba and Kambu; (2) village Bende Growth Center has the most closely related interaction with the village Pondambea as the surrounding area (hinterland), village Korumba Growth Center has the most closely related interaction with Alolama village as its surrounding area (hinterland) and village Kambu Growth Center has the most close interaction relationship with Padaleu village as its surrounding area (hinterland).Keywords: Growth Center, Area Interactions, Analysis Skalogram, Analysis Gravity

ANALISIS EVALUASI KETERSEDIAAN INFRASTRUKTUR PADA KAWASAN PERBATASAN INDONESIA-MALAYSIA (KASUS KABUPATEN NUNUKAN)

<h1><em>ABSTRAK (dalam Bahasa Indonesia)</em></h1><p><em>Kabupaten Nunukan sebagai salah satu wilayah yang berada pada kawasan perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia memiliki</em> <em>paradigma pembangunan dengan fokus pada pembangunan secara fisik guna memacu peningkatan kesejahteraan. Untuk mendukung hal tersebut, maka terdapat beberapa ketentuan yang ditetapkan pada Kabupaten Nunukan yaitu sebagai wilayah PKSN pada Kecamatan Semenggaris dan Nunukan serta wilayah Pulau Sebatik sebagai Wilayah Pengembangan Strategis menjadikan Kabupaten Nunukan sebagai pusat-pusat pertumbuhan utama di Kalimantan Utara. Penetapan tersebut memacu munculnya pembangunan infrastruktur bagi Kabupaten Nunukan selama beberapa tahun terakhir. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisa ketersediaan infrastruktur sosial dan infrastruktur ekonomi serta kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat di Kabupaten Nunukan selama tahun 2015 hingga 2019. Untuk menentukan ketersediaan infrastruktur didasarkan pada Kepmen Kimpraswil No.534. KPTS 2001 dan SNI 03-1733-2004. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sejak 2015 hingga 2019 ketersediaan infrastruktur di Kabupaten Nunukan seperti infrastruktur jalan, pertokoan, pasar, SMP dan perguruan tinggi sudah memenuhi standar sedangkan untuk infrastruktur listrik, air bersih, SD, SMA/SMK dan klinik secara keseluruhan belum mampu untuk memenuhi standar ketersediaan. Pada kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat Kabupaten Nunukan, jumlah pekerjaan masyarakat, tingkat pendidikan, dan pendapatan selalu mengalami peningkatan setiap tahun sedangkan permasalahan seperti tingkat pengangguran memiliki jumlah yang naik turun sejak tahun 2015 hingga 2019 dan tingkat kemiskinan sejak tahun 2015 hingga 2019 selalu mengalami kenaikan setiap tahunnya. </em><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Kata Kunci</em></strong><em> : Kawasan Perbatasan; Evaluasi; Infrastruktur</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong><em> </em></p><p><em>Kabupaten Nunukan as one of the regions in the border area of Indonesia-Malaysia has a development paradigm with a focus on physical development to spur increased welfare. To support of this, several provisions have been established to Kabupaten Nunukan namely as PKSN in Kecamatan Semenggaris, Kecamatan Nunukan and Pulau Sebatik as a Strategic Development Regions making Kabupaten Nunukan as the main growth centers in North Kalimantan. This determination has spurred the appearance of infrastructure development for Kabupaten Nunukan in the last few years. This study aims to identify and analyze social and economic infrastructure as well as the socio-economic conditions of the public in Kabupaten Nunukan during 2015 to 2019. To determine the availability of infrastructure, it is based on Kepmen Kimpraswil No.534. KPTS 2001 and SNI 03-1733-2004. The results of this study, in the availability of infrastructure in 2015 to 2019 in Kabupaten Nunukan such as road infrastructure, shops, markets, junior high schools and universities that have met the standards, while electricity, clean water, elementary schools, high schools/ vocational schools and clinics as a whole have not been able to meet the standards availability. In the socio-economic conditions of the public of Kabupaten Nunukan, the amount of community work, education level, and income has always increased every year, while the problems such as the unemployment rate have fluctuated from 2015 to 2019, and the poverty rate from 2015 to 2019 has always increased every year.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keyword: </em></strong><em>Border area; Evaluation; Infrastructure</em></p>

COVER CROPS IN THE OFF-SEASON IN THE WEED MANAGEMENT AT NOTILLAGE AREA

ABSTRACT Cover crops can provide suppression of weeds and together with chemical control make the proper management of weeds in agricultural areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover crop cultivation during the off-season on weed development in a no-tillage area. The experimental design was in randomized blocks scheme with six treatments and four replications. The treatments were: fallow (control), millet (Pennisetum glaucum) + crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis + C. juncea + C. ochroleuca), millet + pigeon pea (Cajanus cajans), millet + Urochloa ruziziensis, millet + Urochloa ruziziensis + pigeon pea and millet + buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum. The evaluations were done at 30, 75 and 225 days after sowing of the cover crops (DAS). The main growth weed species in the area were Cenchrus echinathus, Euphorbia heterophylla and Digitaria insularis. Fallow treatment showed greater number of weed species with density of 184 plants m-2, 9.0 species and with 527.8 g m-2 of dry matter mass at 225 DAS. In all treatments verified reduction in the density and mass of weeds dry matter compared to the fallow, with average of 30 plants m-2, 5.8 species and 7.9 g m-2 at 225 DAS, respectively. The use of cover crops is an important strategy for weed control in agricultural areas.

Problems of choosing strategies for diversifying companies

The paper considers the problems of choosing strategies for diversifying companies. It was revealed that in corporate practice, there is a certain tendency towards moderately diversified companies with related business lines (relational diversification). The authors analyzed a set of four main growth strategies: market penetration; market expansion; product innovation, and diversification. Their advantages and disadvantages are identified. Depending on the degree of risk appetite, three types of diversification were studied: horizontal diversification, vertical diversification, and lateral diversification (diagonal diversification). The reasons for diversification are analyzed, which may lie both in the environment of the company (exogenous) and within the company (endogenous). The diversification of stocks and monetary investments is considered, the advantages of this process are assessed. It is revealed that despite the fact that the advantages of portfolio diversification are undeniable, due to its complexity, it is almost impossible for investors to independently create effective security portfolios. The need to take into account systemic and non-systemic risks in portfolio diversification is proved. The ways to diversify the portfolio of stocks are described. It is concluded that in companies, regardless of whether they are expanding their services or opting for long-term product diversification, in both cases, an entrepreneurial restructuring plan can only be implemented under certain conditions.

EFFECT OF THE MAIN CYTOKININS ON ANDROGENESIS OF WHITE CABBAGE (BRASSICA OLERACEA L. var. CAPITATA) ANTHERS CULTIVATED “IN VITRO”

The aim of the present research work was the screening of the effect of the main cytokinin (BAP, kinetin or zeatin) in different concentrations and combinations with the auxin NAA on androgenesis of white cabbage anthers cultivated in vitro. The results obtained are regarded as an intermediary stage for the development of a reproducible protocol for in vitro regeneration of plant from anther culture. Thus, for the determination of the influence of plant growth regulators formula over the callus induction and plant regeneration from anthers cultivated in vitro in the present study the authors undergo a screening of the three most frequently utilized cytokinins (BAP, kinetin and zeatin) in different concentration and combination with the auxin NAA. The results obtained, indicated that the best morphogenetic reaction is obtained on variant with BAP as the main growth regulator.

Investigating Paradigm Shift from Price to Value in the Air Cargo Market

This study presents a paradigm shift in the air cargo market based on Korea and Incheon Airport’s empirical data. The air cargo market has traditionally handled expensive items and has been a supplier-oriented market. There has been little room for individual customers in this market. However, “value” gradually replaces “price” in this market. The value depending on consumer preferences significantly impact air cargo demand. Consequently, items transported by air cargo are changing, and airlines and other market participants are revising operation policy. Economic growth may be losing its dominant power as the main growth engine in the air cargo market. This study identifies the weakened link between air cargo increase and economic growth based on the Granger causality test. COVID-19 calls for a deeper understanding of the paradigm shift in the market for sustainable air transport because COVID-19 will further stimulate it. In this regard, the air cargo business, which maintains a stable trend even during COVID-19, is seen as a new opportunity for the aviation industry. Since sustainable air transport requires an accurate understanding of the paradigm shift in the air cargo market, this study enhances our knowledge of the paradigm shift and provides significant implications for sustainable air transport.

GENERALIZED FINANCIAL CYCLE THEORY FROM THE MINSKY’S PERSPECTIVE: UK 1270–2016

Our study aims to bridge the gap between contemporary studies on financial cycles and the financial instability hypothesis in the form of a Minsky cycle (Minsky, 1963). Paper contribution range from explored causality links (financial cycles cause business cycles) to the empirical estimation of the Minsky moment. We use Braitung and Candelon (2006) Granger causality test and discrete threshold model (Hansen, 2005) to the link between financial and business cycles in the UK from 1270–2016. Financial and business cycles relation varies over time with contemporary financial cycles being longer to their historical versions. Financial cycles lead business cycles. Business cycles are an economy reaction to them and change in the Minsky moment. Minsky moment has a statistically significant impact on main growth determinants – population, export, technology. Policymakers should look for the Minsky moment when setting up a new economic policy to assure it will be an effective one.