scholarly journals PASTORAL ECONOMY OF THE KAZAKHS AT THE TURN OF THE XIX-XX CENTURIES. ECONOMIC ASPECT

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Kenzhebayev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Commodity Money ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
Pastoral Economy

In this article, based on the identified historical source, a number of facts are presented that reveal the features of nomadic cattle breeding of the Kazakhs at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The materials presented in the article allow us to understand how the economic relations between Russia and Kazakhstan were built, what was their main subject in the time interval under consideration, what characteristic features and features were inherent in them. The structure of the functioning of product sales markets is considered, the key figures of trade relations are identified. The change of the paradigm of exchange trade to commodity-money relations is shown. The features of the action of steppe fairs are revealed. Their role in ensuring the vital activity of steppe farms of the indigenous population of Kazakhstan is revealed. In general, the great importance of nomadic cattle breeding for the provision of meat, fat and various raw materials in Russia and a number of foreign countries is stated.

scholarly journals THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE QUARANTINE AND HEALTH POLICY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE XVIII CENTURY

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 671-674
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Shkunov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Unique Experience ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time

The article is devoted to the history and development of the sanitary service in the Russian Empire in the XVIII century, the implementation of state quarantine policy in the territory of a vast state. Special attention is given to legislative measures to ensure relevant measures for the prevention and spread of epidemics and epizootics in connection with the expansion of trade and economic relations of Russia with foreign countries. There was proposed the periodization of state quarantine policies during the XVIII century. The establishment of quarantine at customs houses marked the beginning of a new phase in the implementation of state quarantine policies that have received systemic nature. For the first time in Russian history, there were worked out unified approaches to organizing primary health care. The expansion of trade relations of Russia with foreign countries has caused the need to gather information on the presence of epidemics abroad. With this goal, our diplomats, and the Russian merchants arriving from abroad were obliged to inform the border service of the spread of infectious diseases. The article proves both the level of the development of sanitary and quarantine cases in the XVIII century are not inferior to European. This was due, in particular, the fact that the service in the Russian Empire invited the best physicians from different European countries. Also by the end of the century, Russia has accumulated a unique experience in the sphere of health protection, hygiene, and quarantine. Special attention has been paid to the rules of trade in foodstuffs in the settlements. In the army and navy, there were legally established measures to comply with sanitary-hygienic and preventive requirements. A significant role in health education of the population in the Russian Empire played the Russian Orthodox Church

scholarly journals Stosunki gospodarcze i handlowe ZSRR – Niemcy w latach 1918–1940 (część 1)

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Klimiuk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Trade ◽  
Credit Agreement ◽  
Dynamic Exchange ◽  
Economic Agreement

The author analyzes in his paper the economic and trade relations between Germanyand the Soviet Union in the period of 1918–1944. During this period trade relations withGermany constituted a continuation of relations between Tsarist Russia and Germany beforeWorld War I. The German-Soviet Economic Agreement of October 12, 1925, formed specialconditions for the mutual trade relations between the two countries. In addition to the normalexchange of goods, German exports to the Soviet Union were based from the very beginningon a system negotiated by the Soviet Trade Mission to Berlin under which the Soviet Union wasgranted loans for financing additional orders from Germany. Trade with Soviet Union, promotedby the first credit-based operations, led to a dynamic exchange of goods, which reached itshighest point in 1931. In the early 1930s, however, Soviet imports decreased as regime assertedpower and its weakened adherence to the disarmament requirements of the Treaty of Versaillesdecreased Germany’s reliance on Soviet imports. In addition, the Nazi Party’s ascent to powerincreased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union. In the mid-1930s, the Soviet Unionmade repeated efforts at reestablishing closer contacts with Germany. The Soviets chieflysought to repay, with raw materials, the debts which arose from earlier trade exchange, whileGermany sought to rearm, therefore both countries signed a credit agreement in 1935. The saidagreement placed at the disposal of the Soviet Union until June 30, 1937, the loans amountingto 200 million Reichsmarks, to be repaid in the period 1940–1943. The Soviet Union used183 million Reichsmarks from this credit. The preceding credit operations were, in principle,liquidated. Economic reconciliation was hampered by political tensions after the Anschluss inmid-1938 and Hitler’s increasing hesitance to deal with the Soviet Union. However, a new periodin the development of Soviet–German economic relations began after the Ribbetrop–MolotovAgreement, which was concluded in August of 1939.

scholarly journals Anti-crisis management measures to minimize the destabilizing import effect on the economic activity of Ukrainian agrarian units

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
Nataliia Poberezhets ◽  
Lidiia Klymenko
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Import agrarian products is a prerequisite for meeting the demand of national consumers, especially taking into account various tastes and significant comparative advantages in the production of goods at the domestic and foreign markets. Although historical and modern scientific and practical approaches to the importance of import supplies for certain countries and industries vary both negatively and positively. The purpose of the research. The main purpose of the study is to systematize import threats, to coordinate the anti-crisis measures and to form the strategic approaches, which minimize the negative impact of import on the national agrarian business. Methodology. In the scientific research methods of comparison, synthesis and synthesis were used, as well as historical and axiomatic methods. Results. In the paper were analyzed the current trends of purchasing the foreign agrarian products and the functioning of domestic agricultural formations on the basis of using the imported goods. It was determined that the key problems of the modern economy were high level of energy intensity of national production, low quality and technological characteristics of finished products, asymmetry of foreign economic relations, low level of competitiveness of many national nomenclature positions in the agrarian sector. Practical meaning. According to international experience it was founded that in Latin America import was oriented to the domestic market and in Asia – to the foreign market. Also it was recognized that Ukraine’s trading partners were more interested in exporting raw materials or products with high added value. Prospects for further research. According to the results of the conducted studies, determinants of the regulatory system of Ukraine in countering global imbalances were identified. A strategy for minimizing the impact of import threats on the activities of domestic agrarian units has been developed. It has suggested the regulation of the import substitution policy in the conditions of openness of the national economy and the liberalization of foreign trade relations; the market saturation with domestic and foreign food products with high quality, a wider range and an affordable price range in accordance with the requirements of the international economic environment.

Specialization and Agricultural Cooperation as a Factor of Deepening Industrial Integration in the Agro-Industrial Complex

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
N.M. Echin ◽  
◽  
L.I. Zavgorodnaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
The Relationship

A characteristic feature of modern economic development is the connection of agriculture with various industries and the sphere of product sales. The role of mutual cooperation increases in the process of integration, strengthening the relationship between industries and enterprises, the emergence of new types of economic relations, and changes in their content. The article considers specialization and cooperation of agricultural production as an important factor in establishing modern integration and economic relations between economic entities of the raw materials and processing units of the agro-industrial complex. The specifics of integration and cooperation processes in agriculture are defined. The main measures for the development of integration and cooperation processes in agriculture are analyzed.

scholarly journals Stosunki gospodarcze i handlowe ZSRR – Niemcy w latach 1918–1940 (część 2)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-39
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Klimiuk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
World War I ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Treaty Of Versailles ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Trade ◽  
Credit Agreement ◽  
Dynamic Exchange

The author analyzes in his paper the economic and trade relations between Germany and the Soviet Union in the period of 1918–1944. During this period trade relations with Germany constituted a continuation of relations between Tsarist Russia and Germany before World War I. The German-Soviet Economic Agreement of October 12, 1925, formed special conditions for the mutual trade relations between the two countries. In addition to the normal exchange of goods, German exports to the Soviet Union were based, from the very beginning, on a system negotiated by the Soviet Trade Mission in Berlin under which the Soviet Union was granted loans for financing additional orders from Germany. Trade with the Soviet Union, promoted by the first credit-based operations, led to a dynamic exchange of goods, which reached its highest point in 1931. In the early 1930s, however, Soviet imports decreased as the regime asserted power and its weakened adherence to the disarmament requirements of the Treaty of Versailles decreased Germany’s reliance on Soviet imports. In addition, the Nazi Party’s rise to power increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union. In the mid-1930s, the Soviet Union made repeated efforts at reestablishing closer contacts with Germany. The Soviets chiefly sought to repay, with raw materials the debts which arose from earlier trade exchange, while Germany sought to rearm, therefore both countries signed a credit agreement in 1935. That agreement placed at the disposal of the Soviet Union until June 30, 1937 the loans amounting to 200 million Reichsmarks which were to be repaid in the period 1940–1943. The Soviet Union used 183 million Reichsmarks from this credit. The preceding credit operations were, in principle, liquidated. Economic reconciliation was hampered by political tensions after the Anschluss in the mid-1938 and Hitler’s increasing hesitance to deal with the Soviet Union. However, a new period in the development of Soviet-German economic relations began after the Ribbetrop–Molotov Agreement, which was concluded in August of 1939.

scholarly journals CZECHOSLOVAK REPUBLIC IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF SOVIET UKRAINE IN 1920-1922

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
O. Kupchyk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trading Company ◽  
Technical Control ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Representative Office

The article describes the circumstances under which the Soviet Ukraine established trade relations with Czechoslovakian Republic in the early 1920’s. The analysis of historiography of this scientific problem recovered the absence of the researches in modern Ukrainian historical science on the relations between Czechoslovakia and Soviet Ukraine in the early 1920’s. It’s established that the source database, including archival documents, allows a comprehensive answer to the task in the study. The contractual legal framework, organizational forms of trade activities of the Soviet Ukraine in Czechoslovakia have been clarified. It is stated that the inability to compete with the Germans in the Russian market caused the Czechoslovakians’ great interest in the Ukrainian market. There was a positive experience of Czechoslovakian-Ukrainian economic relations even before the First World War, which was to guarantee the resumption of trade relations between the countries in the early 1920s. This had been facilitated by shipping on the Danube to the Black Sea. 'Trade Representative Office' considered the logistics of trade (demanded goods, ways of delivery, placement of warehouses, sanitary and technical control). Persons of sales representatives were established (Y. Novakovsky, M. Lomovsky, I. Girsa, V. Benesh). The role of the Soviet Ukraine 'Trade Representative Office' in Prague in the foreign trade activities of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic is revealed. The place of the Czechoslovakian market in the export and import operations of Soviet Ukraine has been determined. The interest of Czechoslovakian traders in Ukrainian raw materials, namely flax, hemp, wool and leather was noted. It is stated that the trade representatives of the Soviet Ukraine were exploring the possibility of selling other raw materials on the Czechoslovakian market, namely iron ore, coal, etc. It is found that the trading company has purchased in large quantities flour (wheat, rye), sugar (refinement, sand) and cereals (wheat, barley, rye, peas, oats). The Czechoslovakian traders and entrepreneurs were particularly interested in forming «mixed partnerships» with the Ukrainians (supplying railway equipment, making file sheets, production of medicines, glass and porcelain). Czechoslovakians also sought to obtain a concession for tractor cultivation of lands in Ukraine. At the same time, participation in the Ukrainian-Czechoslovakian trade «Vokoopspilka» was revealed. The participation of the Soviet Ukraine at the Prague International Exhibition in 1922 was covered, which became its first participation in international exhibitions.

scholarly journals Genesis of Holdings and Agroholdings in Ukraine as an Institutional Units

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-122
Author(s):  
I. M. Belova ◽  
O. P. Zavytii ◽  
N. V. Semenyshena
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Definition Of

The history of holdings is thoroughly studied in economic and legal science, however, scientists have different views on the place and time of the emergence of these institutional units. The insufficiency of the study of the concept of holdings negatively affects both the holdings themselves and the participants of the economic relations that interact with them, therefore, the identified question requires specificity, which confirms the relevance and purpose of the study of the above-mentioned topic. Despite the spread of holding activities in the agricultural sector of Ukraine, the legislative field lacks a clear interpretation of the concept of holding and, in particular, agricultural holding. Problem-chronological, comparative-historical and statistical methods analyze the question regarding the definition of the concept of holding, by studying the historical background of its occurrence and identifying characteristic features and signs. The necessity of legal regulation and significant improvement of the mechanism of economic relations in which holdings participate, as well as the search for ways to effectively regulate the activities of holdings, are substantiated. Prospects for the effective functioning of holding structures in Ukraine are associated with the need to solve a number of problems. In particular, studies require mechanisms for the official establishment of a holding structure in Ukraine and foreign countries with developed market economies, trends in the development of this form of integration formation and its role in attracting foreign investment for the development of the country's economic potential, and the specifics of financial management of the holding structure

Traditions of foreign countries studies in modern russian economic expertise

2015 ◽  
pp. 116-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
World Economy ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Scientific Schools ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Modern Application ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
World Development

The article deals with Russian traditions of studies of foreign countries which have become an intellectual pillar for Russian economic expertise. The modern application of experience of Soviet scientific schools in international studies is shown, especially in the fields of world development forecasts, analysis of Russian foreign economic relations and research of economic policy abroad. The article is based on open sources with publications, reports and presentations about expert and analytical activities of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) and other institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, VNIKI-Institute, MGIMO-University and some other centers. It is explained that results of international studies have become a necessary element for consulting of governmental bodies and businessmen in the epoch of globalization.

TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF ISRAEL IN THE MIDDLE EAST

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Evgenii V. Palamarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Major Trading Partner ◽  
Economic Interaction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
Israeli Economy

The lack of Russian-language research on the features of the economic development of Israel as an OECD member state underlines the urgent need to identify new trends in the Israeli economy. Not taking into account the existing variety of humanitarian studies, and especially the concentration of studies on the political history of Israel and its modern component, we can recognize a clear lack of work that would cover Israeli economy. Current trends in Israeli trade relations, which have begun to make the mselves clear, require both consideration of effective trade and economic interaction between Israel and Palestine, and identification of the peculiarities of hidden regional trade and economic ties. Israel and Palestine are in close cooperation on the exchange of labor and goods, despite the lack of a political settlement. For Palestine, Israel is a major trading partner, and Palestine plays a key security role for Israel. The second important aspect in covering new trends in the Israeli economy may be the need to study the nascent format of cooperation between Israel and the Middle East. The article explores the specifics of economic relations between Israel and the countries of the Middle East, reveals the growing role of economic relations between Israel and the countries of the region.

Development of transportation types and their usage on caravan roads in middle ages

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Jahongir Yunusugli Ergashev
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
Sand Storm ◽  
Natural Climate ◽  
Daily Load ◽  
Daily Distance

During the existence of the Bukhara khanate, the economic and trade relations with neighboring countries on the territory of Central Asia have been largely based on transport system of the old network of roads. Along with the formation and development of communication routes, transportation vehicles also improved based on the natural climate and geographical location of different regions.  In the following article the info is given on the means of the transport used in the caravan routes in the trade-economic relations of khanate of Bukhara with neighboring countries in medieval times. Included there, the starting of domestication and usage of horse drawn vehicles, camels, donkeys and others, the capacity of daily load of camels, horses, donkeys which were core of caravans, their daily distance, the necessary tasks in the incidents occurred in caravan routes (injuries, bruises, contagious diseases) the stopping regulation of caravans (sand storm, in heat and frost) is thoroughly analyzed.

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