ANTIFOULING WITH CHLORIDE ION ELECTROLYTIC RECYCLING THROUGH A MOMENTUM BOUNDARY LAYER

SeaLite Engineering, after a 10-year R & D program, has produced an operational antifouling system for ocean sensors and instruments designed for low power consumption and long, greater than 1 year deployments. The important innovation is the replacement of pumps by gravity and external motion to significantly reduce energy consumption. Also, a prototype system for AUV control surfaces is now undergoing laboratory testing. The effectiveness of SeaLite’s technology has been demonstrated year-round in northern estuaries and in the Gulf of Mexico, the latter by an independent agency.The process leading to this result was, first starting in 2010, an extensive laboratory evaluation of electrode alloys, calibration of chlorine production vs electric power input and the location for attaching electrodes to various objects requiring protection from fouling. After 2015 the experimentation moved to the ocean, first in a Cape Cod estuary and then to the Gulf of Mexico.Comparisons with a mechanical antifouling system were done insitu, and with an UV antifouling system from ONC Canada by comparing the data.Finally, starting in 2019, the development of biofilms, from their initial deposition through the Extra Polysaccharide Substance (EPS) stage, were experimentally investigated by taking samples from an estuary near SeaLite’s laboratory. Biofilms on microscope slides and water column samples were collected. This was done in different seasons, from spring bloom, summer doldrums, fall temperature decline and the winter freeze. The objective was to determine the level of biofilm growth that would require antifouling, and its’ seasonal, temperature and solar radiation dependence, and thus conserve power.

Variable Fall Climate Conditions on Carbon Assimilation and Spring Phenology of Young Peach Trees

Variable fall temperature and moisture conditions may alter leaf senescence of deciduous fruit trees, influencing carbon assimilation before dormancy and phenology the following spring. This study explored gas exchange of young peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) when senescence proceeded normally or was delayed during the fall under two soil moisture treatments: Well-irrigated trees or water deficit. Results showed leaf carbon assimilation was similar between the senescence treatments, but whole tree assimilation was estimated to be greater in delayed senescence trees compared to normal senescence trees based on timing of defoliation and total leaf area. The effect of soil moisture on carbon assimilation was not consistent between years. Delayed sap flow and bloom time resulted as a consequence of delayed senescence the previous fall, but soil moisture did not affect spring phenology.

Climatic response of tree-ring densitometric records in a semiarid site of China

<p>The tree-ring densitometric studies conducted in the semiarid regions are rare, among them, minimum earlywood density (MND) records the strongest climate signals than other density parameters. In contrast, maximum density of latewood (MXD) in cold and humid regions usually shows the most significant association with summer temperatures. Density parameters of Purplecone Spruce (Picea purpurea Mast.) in Mt. Shouyang, northwestern China, a typical semiarid region were obtained to test the density-climate relationships. It is showed that MXD has strong positive correlations with temperatures and a negative correlation with precipitation in the late growing season from July to September. MND is significantly positively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with precipitation during the early growing season. During early growing season, spring droughts always occur due to low precipitation. A narrow ring is built under moisture stress, since tree growth is inhibited by decreasing cell division and cell enlargement. With the intensification of monsoon, more precipitation is available, which can basically meet the needs of tree growth. During strong monsoon season with humid conditions, trees are less affected by moisture stress. In this case, high temperature could increase cell wall thickness in the latewood which strongly affects the tree-ring maximum density. It could explain why there is a significant positive correlation between MXD and summer-fall temperature.</p>

Effects of Lightly Burnt MgO Expansive Agent on the Deformation and Microstructure of Reinforced Concrete Wall

Compensation for shrinkages with three kinds of lightly burnt MgO expansive agent (LBMEA) is used in a reinforced concrete wall poured in the summer. Influences of the internal temperature history on the expansion of concrete and the microstructure of cement paste containing LBMEA were investigated. The results showed that LBMEA exhibited significant expansion around the end of the fall temperature stage; then, the expansion rate declined obviously, and concrete containing LBMEA with low hydration reactivity (140 s and 220 s) showed larger expansion than LBMEA with high hydration reactivity (60 s). Microstructural analysis indicated that brucite preferentially forms in the pores in cement paste containing LBMEA with high reactivity, but brucite mainly grows on the surface of the MgO particles in cement paste containing LBMEA with low reactivity during the early age. Paste containing LBMEA with low reactivity showed a larger volume of single brucite crystal than LBMEA with high reactivity, which further led to larger expansion in the latter than the former. The results revealed the expansion process of LBMEA and can help engineers select suitable LBMEA for application to actual engineering.

Local free-fall temperature of modified Schwarzschild black hole in rainbow spacetime

We obtain a (5+1)-dimensional global flat embedding of modified Schwarzschild black hole in rainbow gravity. We show that local free-fall temperature in rainbow gravity, which depends on different energy [Formula: see text] of a test particle, is finite at the event horizon for a freely falling observer, while local temperature is divergent at the event horizon for a fiducial observer. Moreover, these temperatures in rainbow gravity satisfy similar relations to those of the Schwarzschild black hole except the overall factor [Formula: see text], which plays a key role of rainbow functions in this embedding approach.

Process Estimated Temperature Model of Molten Steel in LF Based on BP Neural Network Combined with Expert System

The process estimated temperature model of molten steel is based by analyzing the various factors which influence the rise and fall temperature of molten steel and the arts and crafts process of the production. The model has been used to estimate the temperature of molten steel in LF refining. And results of statistic analysis on estimated temperature show when the deviation of process estimated temperature by this model in LF refining is on more than ±5°C to the measured temperature, the hitting probability arrives at 85%.

LOCAL FREE-FALL TEMPERATURE OF A RN–AdS BLACK HOLE

We use the global embedding Minkowski space geometries of a (3+1)-dimensional curved Reissner–Nordström (RN)–AdS black hole space–time into a (5+2)-dimensional flat space–time to define a proper local temperature, which remains finite at the event horizon, for freely falling observers outside a static black hole. Our extended results include the known limiting cases of the RN, Schwarzschild–AdS and Schwarzschild black holes.