THE DISTINCTIONS OF THE BEGINNING PRAYING TIME CALCULATION BY RINTO ANUGRAHA

Praying (Shalat) is a fundamental ritual for moslem. Moslem must have deep understanding about praying time in doing Shalat. In this era, many astronomy and falak scholars make a guideline or formula of an algorithm of the beginning of praying time calculation. One of them is a physic lecturer from Gajah Mada University who concern about calculation, specifically about Islamic astronomy (Falak). He designs algorithm of the beginning of praying time schedule on his book “Mekanika Benda Langit (Celestial Mechanics)” and his personal blog to access the program of the beginning praying time calculation. This work is a kind qualitative research which use library research method. By using descriptive explanatory method, the author will scrutinize factor which differ the calculation of the beginning praying time by Rinto Anugraha that will be compared to the beginning of praying time by Ministry of Religious Affairs of Indonesia. In this study, the authors analyzed that the solar declination data and the equation of time used were calculated manually by looking for initial data from Julian Day. The program presented in the early Rinto Anugraha prayer time algorithm based on modern astronomy is very friendly for the user. In the implication of hisab, Rinto Anugraha uses a constant sun height of -18 ° for the evening prayer time and -20 ° for the dawn prayer time.

VERIFICATION OF THE HISAB EPHEMERIS SYSTEM AGAINST THE HIJRI CALENDAR LEAP YEAR PATTERN WITH CRITERIA IMKAN AL-RUKYAH MABIMS (Case Study in Kudus District)

The hijri istilahi calendar has a 30-year cycle system, wherein 30 years there are 11 leap years and 19 basithoh years. In history, there are 4 kinds of variants in the placement of the leap year. This research aims to determine the leap year pattern of Kudus district in 30 years and to verify which patterns are close to the 4 kinds of variants. This study uses the Library Research method using a descriptive verification approach. This approach provides a sample of the number of days per month for 30 years using the Ephemeris reckoning system by considering the possibility of seeing the new moon based on the criteria of Imkan al-Rukyah MABIMS. If the hilal meets the MABIMS criteria, then the number of days is 29, but if not, then the number of days will be 30. Then, the number of days each month is accumulated annually and is used to verify the number of days each year on the hijriah istilahi calendar. Based on the analysis of the initial month data at the Kudus district headquarters for a period of 30 years, it turns out that in the period of 1411 H to 1440 H, the spread pattern of leap years is closer to pattern IV. There are 5 years whose leap is the same as the IV pattern, namely 2, 8, 16, 24, and 30.

THE EFFECT OF EL NINO AND LA NINA ON THE INTENSITY OF DETERMINING QIBLA DIRECTION

On the basis of the annual pseudo motion of the Sun, there is a division of the seasons. In terms of seasons, there are several natural phenomena that can affect the seasons on earth, especially the natural phenomena of El Nino and La Nina. In Indonesia, El Nino can result in a longer dry season and La Nina can cause a longer rainy season. Thus, any research related to the influence of El Nino and La Nina is very important to do to determine whether these two natural phenomena affect the intensity of determining the direction of the Qibla. This research is included in the Library Research using qualitative research methods with a descriptive format. Data collection techniques used are documentation or literature and non-participant observation. Meanwhile, to analyze the data, the authors processed the field data obtained from the Class I Semarang Climatology Office to obtain the average climatological elements during the year of El Nino and La Nina, then the results were implemented in determining the direction of the Qibla. This study resulted in the finding that La Nina was sufficient to influence the implementation of determining the direction of the Qibla because at the time of La Nina the rain continued to occur throughout the year.

DIGITALIZATION OF LOCAL RASHDUL QIBLA BY QIBLA DIAGRAM

Determination of the direction of qibla develops all the time, starting from the simple way by using the celestial bodies such as the sun with mathematical formulas, using instrumentation such as compasses, rubu'ul mujayyab, mizwala, istiwa'aini, until using the method of combining mathematical formulas and observation tools into digital methods. One method of determining the direction of qibla is Rashdul Qibla method which has two methods, namely Local Rashdul Qibla and Global Rashdul Qibla. This study utilizes the Local Rashdul Qibla method to become instrumentation called Qibla Diagram, this instrumentation is a combination of mathematical calculation in the Microsoft excel program and diagram of Local Rashdul Qibla. This research is a qualitative research based on exploration. Primary and secondary data collection was carried out by experiment and documentation, processed through three stages, namely codification, presentation and conclusions. Then analyze the data using descriptive analysis with the method of inductive thinking. The research resulted in two findings, there are the Microsoft Excel Qibla Diagram calculation program and the Qibla Diagram instrument. The use of the Qibla Diagram is the same as the use of Local Rashdul Qibla, which is local, but the local of the Qibla Diagram has a large enough extent to cover an area of the city and this instrument, digitally, can be used to determine the local Rashdul Qibla throughout the earth's coordinates

THE DETERMINATION OF BEGINNING OF PASAH ANDTELLASAN AT AL-KARAWI ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL OF SUMENEP REGENCY

The determination of beginning of Pasah and Tellasan in Al-Karawi Islamic Boarding Schools is often different from the decisions of the government (Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia) or Islamic society organizations, such as Nahdlatul Ulama or Muhammadiyah. Al-Karawi Islamic Boarding School uses the calculating method compiled by one of the boarding school educators in determining the beginning of fasting and Eid. This research is intended to analyze the phenomenon of early fasting and Eid froma sociological perspective. These problems are discussed with field research through the socio legal studies approach. The results of this study indicate that the beginning determination of fasting and Eid Al-Karawi Islamic Boarding School is often different from the government is due to the strong patronage relationship among kiai, santri and the residents of Karawi village.

THE ESSENTIALITY OF THE NUSANTARA TRADITIONAL CALENDAR

Today, tomorrow, yesterday, and later is the time because this life will always talk about the time that can affect the pattern of life in an environment. So that the existence of time becomes important. Based on this, a time system was compiled using the circulation of celestial bodies. Previous people have inherited the traditional calendar in their respective regions. This adapts to the condition of the community and its environment. The research question in this research is how the interpretations of the traditional calendars in the archipelago. The purpose of this research is to explore the essential meaning of the traditional calendars in the archipelago. The method used in this research is library research. This method is used to describe the various existing sources. The results showed that the calendar in each region has its own meaning for the wearer. The Batak calendar is used to determine good and bad days, the Pranatamangsa calendar for season markers, the Saka calendar for marking religious rituals, the Islamic Javanese calendar for historical momentum markers and Islamic teachings, the Bugis calendar for guidelines for daily activities and the Maluku calendar for marking the time of manufacture boat.

AYYĀM AL-BĪḌ SYAR'I AND ASTRONOMY PERSPECTIVE (BETWEEN FASTING MOMENTUM AND SCIENTIFIC CALCULATION)

Ayyām al-Bīdis a group of days in the hijri calendar system. Ayy termām al-Bīdobtained from the hadith of the Prophet which contains the command to fast for three days in each hijri month, which is sunnah. Ayy understandingām al-Bīdfrom the hadith of the Prophet is the date / day of the 13th, 14th, and 15th of the Hijri month. However, at a practical level, scholars differed when they mentioned the implementation of Ayy's fastām al-Bīd. There are 9 versions of this opinion. Here the writer wants to examine more deeply ayyām al-BīdThis is seen from a shar'i and astronomical perspective. The writer studies it with the research library method using the scientific-cum-doctriner approach. The data collected came from the books of hadith and fiqh, then analyzed with an astronomical approach. From this research, it was found that the meaning of the term Ayyām al-BīdIn the view of syar'i, it is the best time to observe the sunnah fast for three days every month. Matan hadith of the Prophet SAW regarding Ayyām al-Bīd which stipulates on the 13th, 14th and 15th of the Hijri month because that is the time when the full moon and lunar eclipses occur. From the review of astronomy Ayyām al-Bīdis the time when at night the Moon shines brighter than the other nights. Astronomically this can occur 4-5 days in the middle of the Hijri month.

QIBLA DIRECTION WITH THE CONSTELLATION (STUDY OF DETERMINATION OF QIBLA DIRECTION WITH GUBUG PENCENG)

In the ethnography of Javanese society, Gubug penceng is used as a southern constellation. With a declination value of -63º 05’ 57”, the appearance of this gubug penceng is a bit unique, because it can only be observed by observers who are south of the tropic. However, with a magnitude value of 0.77 and a shape that is easy to remember, it makes the gubug becomes a star that is easily visible to the naked eye. The author here will examine the use of the gubug penceng for determining the direction of the Qibla. Previous writers will take into account the azimuth of the Qibla and the azimuth of the acrux star which is the brightest star in the constellation of the thinner, then determine the direction of the Qibla by referring to the difference between the azimuth acrux and the qibla. This research is a field research which is included in qualitative numerical research. The author will compare the results of the Qibla direction from this gubug penceng with the Qibla direction determined with the help of the azimuth of the Sun. The results of this study found that the gubug penceng can be used as a reference to determine the direction of the Qibla. The qibla direction of the measurement results is quite accurate, because the object of aiming is in the form of a central point of the star. The difference between the direction of the Qibla between using the reference hut is not more than 24 minutes, so the results are quite accurate.

SOLAR EPHEMERIS ACCORDING TO SIMON NEWCOMB

The development of Falak cannot be separated from the ephemeris table, one of them i.e Simon Newcomb solar ephemeris. This ephemeris was used in the initial calculation of Abdur Rachim, one of Falak Indonesia's experts. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of the Simon Newcomb ephemeris reckoning algorithm and its strengths and weaknesses. This paper use descriptive analysis as the research methodology. The results of this study are this Ephemeris is quite accurate because because there aremany correction terms and consider aspects of the planet's relative motion to the Earth that can be seen in the formula for perturbation and nutation correction. The advantage of this ephemeris,it has a long period correction which is useful for calculating the Sun ephemeris in years far enough from the epoch used and directly uses UT time in its calculations so there is no need to convert UT to TD. The weakness of this ephemeris is that it cannot be done manually because the formula used is too long and there are many formula corrections.

ASTRONOMICAL INTERPRETATION OF EARLY PRAYER TIMES (Study of Differences in Determination of Early Prayer Times From The Text and Astronomical Prespective)

Theoretically the prayer times have been determined by the Koran and Sunnah through the phenomenon of the movement of the sun. Based on the instructions of the Koran and the Sunnah there are various nashes that seem to contradict one another. For example, in the determination of early Fajr time, nashexpresses with some terminologhy, for example, ghalas, isfar, and ishbah. This needs to be defined practically in astronomical rules, making it easier for us to carry out worship. This paper will describe the meaning of prayer times from the language of the Koran and Sunnah into astronomical rules, so that prayer times can be easily reckoned and determined, without having to change the phenomenon of the sun every time it will perform prayers. This paper will include the debate of scholars in interpreting sharia in astronomical rules, so that this paper is not only doctrinal, but invites us to think more creatively in determining prayer times.