Prions: Some Details and Diseases

Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a family of rare progressive neurodegenerative disorders that affect both humans and animals. They are distinguished by long incubation periods, characteristic spongiform changes associated with neuronal loss, and a failure to induce inflammatory response. Prion diseases in animals, Scrapie in sheep, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (commonly known as "mad cow disease") in cattle, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans are all examples of infectious diseases. The prion protein (PrP) was identified in a patient in 2015, and it was previously believed to be the cause of all known mammalian prion diseases. However, The protein alpha-synuclein, which is thought to be responsible for MSA, was suggested to be the cause of the disease in 2015.

Effect Of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Omega-3 On Some Histological Criteria In White New Zealand Rabbits Administrated With Cyclosporine Drug

The present study was aimed efficiency to evaluate the unsaturated fatty acid omega-3 in reducing the side effects that resulted from administration of cyclosporine drug in white New Zealand rabbits. (60) from white males' rabbits were used in this study, the animals divided into major four groups (15) rabbits per group and its subdivision into three groups (5) rabbits per group. The first group is orally administered with normal saline, second groups were administered cyclosporine (25mg/kg) only. Third groups were administered cyclosporine (25mg/kg) in the first day and Omega-3 (500mg/kg) in the second day, while Fourth groups were administered cyclosporine (25mg/kg) in the first day and omega-3 (1000mg/kg) in the second day for periods (21,30,60) days respectively. After ending study periods, the animals were sacrificed and the blood was collected and samples from liver were taken and the results were showed the following: the histological study showed pathological changes after administration of cyclosporine (25mg/kg) with blood congestion for period (21day), while severe blood congestion with beginning of fibrosis for period (30day) while in the period (60day) very severe blood congestion with aggregation of inflammatory cells and grow of fibroblast cells were showed. while the interaction between cyclosporine and two concentrations (500&1000mg/kg) of omega-3 were showed non-pathological changes in liver tissues. From this study concluded that omega-3 have an important role in the reducing histopathology side effects that result from administration of cyclosporine drug in white rabbits.

Actions For Immediate Response To Antimicrobial Resistant Gonorrhoea

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global issue that causes significant morbidity. AMR causes more serious infections and consequences, increasing hospital stays and death. AMR threatens to undermine our capacity to cure common infectious infections. In this case, a clinician at a local sexual health clinic has recently alerted a 35-year-old male who has been seen in the clinic with probable AMR gonorrhoea. Consider the case's immediate consequences and select three measures to be addressed within the first several weeks. This article used the DEPESTEL (demographic structures, epidemiological patterns, political factors, economic influences, sociological trends, technological innovations, educational factors, and legislative requirements) framework to construct the response. In conclusion, AMR gonorrhoea infections stay in the body, increasing infection risk. Rapid gonorrhoea patient diagnosis is crucial for public health and clinical care of infected patients and sexual partners. Patients must be treated to cease transmission. AMR surveillance must include seasonal and epidemiological data. Keep track of treatment failures, warn partners, and prioritize clinical care. To appropriately analyze and handle treatment failure scenarios, cross-border collaboration is essential. Traveling overseas increases AMR gonorrhoea risk. Fear of AMR in the population may cause over-reaction to STIs. The media might assist in disseminating this vital health prevention, management, and security messages. People at risk need to be informed about the possibility of resistant gonorrhoea. Age, sex, sexual orientation, specimen location, prior infections, and concurrent STIs are also needed to be better reported.

Serological and Hematological Study of Toxoplasmosis in Blood of Newly Born Babies

Serological identification and blood pictures were done for specific IgM and IgG.10% of cases were positive IgM of Toxoplasmosis because have 10 IU/ml (mean) in comparison with control group were 0.11 IU/ml (mean). On other hand 20% of diagnosed cases were positive IgG of Toxoplasmosis because have 11 IU/ml .Two cases were followed for their history one from group IgM and other IgG , first one suffered from three abortion and now have five child three of them healthy while two have congenital defects. Second case (IgG positive ) have four abortion and now have three child , two healthy and one have congenital defect. Blood picture reveal 40% suffered from Normocytic anemia , these cases classified to three groups , first Toxoplasma group 30% (positive in ELISA test). Second group (Unknown causes), these cases not only normocytic anemia also have high total leukocytes 17 x10 (mean) and high MCV (103 ft). Third group have low MCV 78ft.

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV)

The hepatitis D virus causes liver disease. It affects all ages. Some call it "delta hepatitis" (HDV). Hepatitis D patients have previously had hepatitis B, which is why they have this illness. Hepatitis D is spread when contaminated blood or bodily fluids come into contact with an uninfected person's body. Hepatitis D can be an acute infection or a chronic illness, depending on the person. Hepatitis D can produce severe symptoms, liver damage that lasts a lifetime, and even death. Hepatitis B and D viruses can infect people at the same time (coinfection) or they might develop hepatitis D after getting hepatitis B (reverse coinfection) (a condition known as "superinfection"). Hepatitis D is not prevented by immunisation. Hepatitis B vaccination, on the other hand, protects against hepatitis D infection.

Chronic Recurrent Traumatic Tongue Ulcer

Ulcerations are characterized by defects in the epithelium, underlying connective tissue, or both. Due to diversity of causative factors and presenting features, diagnosis of oral ulcerative lesions might be quite challenging. Tongue ulcers are open sores or cuts on the tongue. Tongue ulcers can be painful and raw and can be irritated by eating and drinking. One of the most common types of tongue ulcers is the canker sore, which may arise for an unknown reason or be linked to a number of different irritants. This article is an attempt to elaborate the treatment protocols with couple of case reports

A Case Report- Management of a patient with severe trismus with bilateral recurrent pericoronitis along with chronic Oral Submucous Fibrosis- A premalignant lesion

A 37 years, the old male patient reported the chief complaint of inability to open mouth since 10-11 months and recently pain and swelling resulting from wisdom teeth of both sides limited the mouth opening severely (<9mm, less than one finger opening) that he could not take solid food properly. After partial relief and mouth opening (12mm) with antibiotic therapy, the patient was examined and diagnosed with oral submucous fibrosis (osmf) along with impacted molars on both sides. Treatment was planned with a conservative approach consisted of pharmacotherapy and physiotherapy for osmf and surgical removal of impacted third molars of both sides. Mouth opening was improved gradually (>15mm after 3 weeks, >22mm after 6 weeks,>27 mm after 9 weeks).

Prevalence of Different Types of Cancer Among Patient in Najaf Province/ Iraq

This study was carried out in Middle Euphrates cancer center, laboratories department, Al-Najaf holy city - Iraq; Iraqi patients have been recorded during period January 2018 until December 2018. This study has demonstrated that four different types of the following cancers: Breast cancer, brain cancer, lung cancer and Bladder cancer were registered in this study. Comparison was occured among each type of cancer was regarded in sex, age and number. The highest levels of cancer among all the other types were breast and lung cancer , the majority results in cancer epidemiology for this study, which showed 22% and 8 % respectively. While in other types, the result has showed 6%, 4.7%,for Bladder cancer, and braian cancer, respectively

Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia, Types, Causes and Treatments: A Review Study

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia results from a readiness for the bilirubin production in neonates and limited their ability to excrete it. The diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemia based on yellow discoloration of the skin and whiteness of eyes, idle in the child's movement and the lack of lactation. The baby seems sick or is difficult to awaken. Bilirubin is a tetrapyrrole pigment derived from breakdown product of normal heme catabolism in senescent red blood cells. Unconjugated bilirubin normal elevation is named newborn physiologic hyperbilirubinemia, whereas the level of bilirubin of infant normally to be a bit higher after birth, In the same context the placenta in the womb of the mother. Pathologic hyperbilirubinemia is defined as odd of bilirubin from the normal level so intervention required. Many reasons for this type of jaundice

Relationship Between Hepatotoxicity That Induced by CCL4 and Regucalcin Protein Marker

This review deals with the world's most important problem, which is hepatotoxicity. As a result of the distinctive location of the liver and its effect on all the substances entering the body and manufactured from it, the wastes resulting from metabolism, as well as its functional nature in the equation and removal of toxins. Therefore, the liver is one of the most influential and first organs in the human body because of the major functions it shows. Therefore, most of the research targets the liver through a number of chemicals, including carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride is widely used, and its work depends on destroying hepatocytes through a group of chemical reactions with a group of chemical compounds for the liver such as fats and proteins, thus producing harmful substances such as free radicals, whose damage depends on the concentration and period of exposure to carbon tetrachloride. In order to determine the extent of the influence of the liver, there must be evidence. Our choice of Regucalcin was because it is closely related to several physiological functions, including: its role in maintaining the level of calcium on a regular basis in addition to its anti-programmed effects of cell death by inhibiting factors that break down the DNA strand by inhibiting the action of a group of enzymes. And other factors that destroy cells. Thus, the presence of Regucalcin inside and out of cells is evidence of the extent of damage and damage to hepatocytes and their dissolution. Therefore, Regucalcin can be considered a criterion for assessing the extent and degree of damage to the liver.