Study on the Behavior of Helmholtz Resonance in Different Size Bottles

The resonance is the specific response of system which is capable to vibrate with certain frequency to an external force acting with the same frequency. When air is blown across the open mouth of different bottles then air vibrate in a neck at resonant frequency. In this study we consider 5-5 bottles of different five types bottles having different of length of neck, radius of port, cross-sectional area of port and same volume (250ml). Resonance in different bottles was studied to determine how the volume of air cavity of different bottle affects the resonance. From calculated and experimental data, we found that the Helmholtz resonance frequency decreases with increase in volume and vice versa in each case of different bottles. From graph we also found that the calculated and experimental model are about 100% and 99% variability of the response data around its mean. The practical range for these different bottles is from about 256 to 512 Hz. This is about an octave plus a musical fifth near the middle of the musical instrument, so most simple musical tunes can be produced with such bottles.

Transoral Endoscopic Examination of the Oropharynx With Tongue Protrusion, Phonation, and Open Mouth

Background/Aim: We examined the diagnostic performance of the tongue protrusion with phonation and open mouth (TOPPOM) method for visualizing structures of the oropharynx. Patients and Methods: Transoral endoscopy was performed on 20 healthy participants to evaluate 12 oropharynx subsites under three conditions: open mouth (OM), phonation with open mouth (POM), and TOPPOM. Each subsite was scored from 0 to 2 depending on subsite visualization, and the scores were summed. Images of subsite-adjacent mucosa were similarly scored. Results: The total scores were significantly higher for TOPPOM than for POM and for POM than for OM. Such scores were observed for both the palatine arches, both palatine tonsils, the left lingual tonsillar sulcus, and the vallecula. Conclusion: TOPPOM enables visualization of the oropharynx through transoral endoscopic examination, and TOPPOM with conventional transnasal endoscopy may enable early detection of oropharyngeal carcinomas and lesions and improve the performance of pre- and post-treatment evaluations.

Depressor Anguli Oris Myectomy versus Transfer to Depressor Labii Inferioris for Facial Symmetry in Synkinetic Facial Paralysis

Background Postparalytic synkinesis presents with a combination of hypo- and hypertonic muscles, leading to facial asynchrony with animation and at rest. One ubiquitous finding is a hypertonic depressor anguli oris (DAO) muscle and a weak depressor labii inferioris (DLI) muscle. The goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of DAO myectomy with or without its transfer to the weakened DLI in improving critical components of the dynamic smile. Methods From 2018 to 2020, this single-center, prospective study included of postparetic facial synkinetic patients with evidence of DAO hypertonicity who underwent DAO myectomy with or without transfer to DLI. Objective facial measurements were used to compare the effectiveness of DAO to DLI transfer to pure DAO myectomy in improving asymmetry of the synkinetic hemiface. Results Twenty-one patients with unilateral postparetic facial synkinesis with DAO hypertonicity were included; 11 underwent DAO myectomy, while 10 underwent DAO to DLI transfer. Baseline demographics and facial measurements were similar between the groups. DAO myectomy resulted in increased modiolus resting position, closed-mouth smile modiolus angle and excursion, open-mouth smile modiolus angle, excursion, dental show, and decreased lower lip height deviation. DAO to DLI transfer demonstrated similar findings but lacked significant increase in excursion and resulted in worsened lower lip height deviation. Conclusion These findings illustrate the utility of DAO myectomy in improving imbalance in the synkinetic patient and necessitate further technical refinements for DAO transfers or a different approach for improving lower lip depression in this subgroup of patients.

Characterization of the articular disc and mandibular condyle in healthy individuals and individuals with temporomandibular disorders in relation with several symptoms—ultrasound study

Background Evaluate dimension of the articular disc and condyle between volunteers and patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders previously diagnosed. Understand the symptoms that TMJ can promote using the ultrasound modality. Approved ethics committees of IPC. Methods Sample n = 36, ages [18–45], control group (CG) (n = 20), pathologic group (PG)(n = 16). Images were acquired with US with a linear B-scan (10 MHz) in a transverse plane. Bilateral TMJ study was done with open and closed mouth. A validated questionnaire was done. Results Dimension of the right disc was 0.072 ± 0.021 cm to PG and 0.090 ± 0.018 cm to CG with open mouth. Close mouth was 0.082 ± 0.024 cm to the PG and 0.100 ± 0.014 cm to the CG.The results to the condyle were 0.0351 ± 0.044 cm to PG and 0.378 ± 0.043 cm to CG. To the left side the alterations were in the dimension of the articular disc, the PG with open mouth, 079 ± 0.024 cm and close mouth 0.081 ± 0.019 cm. Significant differences in the symptoms between groups were observed. Symptoms revel that 62.5% have headache and 87% present noise/crackle in the masticatory. Conclusions Right side the PG had reduced articular disc and condyle dimensions when compared to the healthy group. This study shows the possible differences in the articular disc and condyle in PG and CG, also permitted study the TMJ disorders in real time with accuracy. The questionnaire it was possible to determine the main symptoms of the TMJ disorders. These disorders are in relation with de alterations dimension of the articular disc.

A Case Report- Management of a patient with severe trismus with bilateral recurrent pericoronitis along with chronic Oral Submucous Fibrosis- A premalignant lesion

A 37 years, the old male patient reported the chief complaint of inability to open mouth since 10-11 months and recently pain and swelling resulting from wisdom teeth of both sides limited the mouth opening severely (<9mm, less than one finger opening) that he could not take solid food properly. After partial relief and mouth opening (12mm) with antibiotic therapy, the patient was examined and diagnosed with oral submucous fibrosis (osmf) along with impacted molars on both sides. Treatment was planned with a conservative approach consisted of pharmacotherapy and physiotherapy for osmf and surgical removal of impacted third molars of both sides. Mouth opening was improved gradually (>15mm after 3 weeks, >22mm after 6 weeks,>27 mm after 9 weeks).

THE ROLE OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE RESEARCH IN THE TREATMENT OF DYSFUNCTION OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT

The main criterion for diagnosis of dysfunctional conditions of the temporomandibular joint is the visualization of the intra-articular cartilaginous disc. The method of diagnosis, that the most perfectly determines the disorders in the temporomandibular joint, particular the displacement of the menisci, is magnetic resonance imaging. So, the aim of the work was to determine the amplitude of anterior displacements of the menisci in patients suffering from dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint using magnetic resonance imaging. In 20 patients, who underwent magnetic resonance imaging, different amplitudes of the anterior displacements of the meniscus were determined. Patients were divided into groups. The first group included 6 patients who were diagnosed by MRI the anterior displacement of the disc to the center of the articular head. The second group included 4 patients who had anterior displacement of the disc to the center of the articular head by 2/3 of its own length. Ten patients of the third group had a displacement of the meniscus to the center of the articular head by 1/2 of its own length. For the future treatment of TMJ dysfunction, the distance of the pathological displacement of the meniscus determines the degree of occlusion. All patients were prescribed a Michigan-splint occlusal splint in combination with a sling-like head cap at night. The results of the selected treatment were interpreted after 3-6 months. A series of magnetic resonance imaging has described the articular fissures of the temporomandibular joint, articular discs (their shape in frontal projection and on parasagittal sections), posterior ligaments, and lateral pterygoid muscles. Each of the joints was carefully examined in the case when the mouth is closed and open. During the MRI description, the shape of the joint heads and their possible pathological changes were determined. In the position of the closed or open mouth, the positions of each of the discs and their poles relatively to the articular head in centimeters were compared, and the movement of the menisci was described. The sizes of disks of the closed and open mouth were defined. The study protocol also reported the shape and amplitude of the movements of the articular heads. Treatment was planned according to the selected protocol. For the first group of patients diagnosed with anterior meniscus dislocation, treatment was planned by separating the occlusion to the relatively physiological rest of the mandible (2 - 4 mm). The patients of the second group, in which anterior displacements of the disc relatively to the articular head by 2/3, were treated with detachment of the occlusion to contact with the cutting edge of the teeth of the upper and lower jaws. For the third patients’ group with diagnosed anterior displacement of the meniscus by 1/2, treatment was performed with a separation of the bite on 2 - 4 mm above the contact with the cutting edges of the front teeth. The main criterion for recovery is the complete disappearance of symptoms of dysfunction, even without the use of a splint. At the first stage of treatment the task was the following: reconstruction of a myotatic reflex by means of the medical and diagnostic occlusal splint "Michigan-splint" completed with the main slingshot cap. Patients were monitored monthly. The main problems were the following: after a week of using the structure the patients complained of increased salivation, muscle pain and burning, headache, which disappeared after approximately 3 weeks. The main cause of such phenomena is the physiological rearrangement of the muscular reflex, which involves a certain tension in the muscles and irritation of the nerve endings in the muscles due to changes in the usual occlusion. During planned examination, the patients demonstrated supercontacts followed by cap correction. In 3 or 6 months of using the Michigan-splint occlusal splint, patients noted a significant improvement and they didn’t have any complaints. The main criterion for recovery is the complete disappearance of symptoms of dysfunction, even without the use of a splint. Therefore, the next stage of treatment depended on the anatomical and functional changes of TMJ and consolidation of therapeutic effect was been necessary. Therefore, the use of magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint to determine the amplitude of the displacements of the discs, ensures the effectiveness of the selected treatment. Prospects for further research include improvement of the MRI protocol and its correlation with definite symptoms, the distance of the vertical separation of occlusal surfaces, and the introduction of the protocol into practical health care.

La violence des médias vietnamiens à l’encontre des intellectuels critiques

FR. Cet article examine la violence médiatique à l’égard de Đỗ Thị Thoan, l’auteure d’un master ès lettres intitulé « La position marginale : la performance poétique du groupe Ouvrir la bouche d’un point de vue culturel », soutenu avec succès en 2010 au sein de l’École normale supérieure de Hanoi. En 2013, son positionnement politique tombe dans le viseur des médias conservateurs qui ont orchestré une campagne de critique non seulement à l’encontre de l’auteure du mémoire et du groupe Ouvrir la bouche, mais aussi et surtout vis-à-vis des chercheurs universitaires, ceux qui ont soutenu le nouveau courant de la critique littéraire dont l’émergence est marquée par la mise en œuvre, depuis 1986, des réformes socioéconomiques connues sous l’appellation de Đổi Mới (le Renouveau). Ce traitement médiatique résulterait, d’une part, de la violence structurelle du régime autoritaire : les médias agissent comme le bras prolongé de l’État et du Parti communiste vietnamien en extériorisant leur état d’âme à travers des formes sensibles du discours. D’autre part, il révélerait la transformation du régime, consistant dans la redéfinition du rôle politique de la critique littéraire, la vulnérabilité du discours de censure et la gestion étatique de la presse dans le contexte de réforme. Cette transformation relèverait d’une fracture idéologique au sein du pouvoir mais aussi de sa volonté de dissimuler cette fracture. Dans une perspective performative et pragmatique, nous appliquerons la méthode de l’analyse du discours à examiner les effets structurels et le sens subjectif de la violence médiatique. En nous appuyant sur un corpus constitué de 16 articles issus de sept médias officiels qui ont couvert l’affaire entre 2013 et 2014, nous analyserons cette violence à travers les pratiques de l’information des médias, leurs pratiques discursives et les enjeux politiques qui en découlent. *** EN. This study will examine media violence against Đỗ Thị Thoan, the author of an MA thesis entitled “Marginal position: the Open Mouth group’s poetic experiments from a cultural perspective,” successfully defended in 2010 at the Hanoi National University of Education. In 2013, her political position came under attack by the conservative media, which orchestrated a critical campaign not only against her and the group Open Mouth, but above all against university scholars who supported the new current of literary criticism that emerged with the advent of socioeconomic reforms (Đổi Mới (the Renewal)) promoted by the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) since 1986. On the one hand, these media attacks were a manifestation of the authoritarian regime's structural violence: media act as an arm of the state and the CPV by externalizing their state of mind through responsive discourse. On the other hand, it exposed a shift in the regime and a redefinition of the political role of literary criticism, a vulnerability of the discourse on censorship and the state's management of the press in the context of the Đổi Mới reform. This shift reflected both an ideological divide within the party, and its desire to conceal this divide. From a performative and pragmatic perspective, we will use discourse analysis to examine the structural effects and subjective meaning of the media violence. Drawing on a corpus of 16 articles from 7 official media outlets that covered the case under study in 2013 and 2014, we will analyze this violence through the news practices of media, their discursive practices and the ensuing political issues. *** PT. Este artigo examina a violência na mídia contra Đỗ Thị Thoan, autora de um mestrado em Letras intitulado “A posição marginal: a performance poética do grupo Abra a boca de um ponto de vista cultural", defendido com sucesso em 2010 na Escola Normal Superior de Hanoi. Em 2013, sua posição política caiu na mira da mídia conservadora, que orquestrou uma campanha de críticas não só à autora do livro de memórias e ao grupo Boca Aberta, mas também e sobretudo aos pesquisadores acadêmicos que apoiaram a nova corrente de crítica literária cujo surgimento foi marcado pela implementação, desde 1986, das reformas socioeconômicas conhecidas como Đổi Mới (a Renovação). Esse tratamento midiático resultaria, por um lado, da violência estrutural do regime autoritário: os meios de comunicação atuam como o braço estendido do Estado e do Partido Comunista vietnamita, externalizando seu estado de espírito por meio de formas sensíveis de discurso. Por outro lado, revelaria a transformação do regime, consistindo na redefinição do papel político da crítica literária, a vulnerabilidade do discurso da censura e a gestão estatal da imprensa no contexto da reforma. Essa transformação resultaria de uma divisão ideológica no seio do poder, mas também de seu desejo de encobrir essa divisão. De uma perspectiva performativa e pragmática, aplicaremos o método da análise do discurso para examinar os efeitos estruturais e o significado subjetivo da violência midiática. A partir de um corpus formado por 16 reportagens de sete veículos oficiais que cobriram o caso entre 2013 e 2014, analisaremos essa violência por meio das práticas de informação midiática, suas práticas discursivas e as questões políticas resultantes disso. ***

Phylogenetic Patterns in Mouth Posture and Echolocation Emission Behavior of Phyllostomid Bats

While phyllostomid bats show an impressive range of feeding habits, most of them emit highly similar echolocation calls. Due to the presence of an often prominent noseleaf, it has long been assumed that all phyllostomids emit echolocation calls exclusively through the nostrils rather than through the mouth. However, photo evidence documents also phyllostomid bats flying with an opened mouth. We hypothesized that all phyllostomid species emit echolocation calls only through the nostrils and therefore fly consistently with a closed mouth, and that observations of an open mouth should be a rare and random behavior among individuals and species. Using a high-speed camera and standardized conditions in a flight cage, we screened 40 phyllostomid species. Behavior varied distinctly among the species and mouth posture shows a significant phylogenetic signal. Bats of the frugivorous subfamilies Rhinophyllinae and Carolliinae, the nectarivorous subfamilies Glossophaginae and Lonchophyllinae, and the sanguivorous subfamily Desmodontinae all flew consistently with open mouths. So did the animalivorous subfamilies Glyphonycterinae, Micronycterinae and Phyllostominae, with the notable exception of species in the omnivorous genus Phyllostomus, which consistently flew with mouths closed. Bats from the frugivorous subfamily Stenodermatinae also flew exclusively with closed mouths with the single exception of the genus Sturnira, which is the sister clade to all other stenodermatine species. Further, head position angles differed significantly between bats echolocating with their mouth closed and those echolocating with their mouths opened, with closed-mouth phyllostomids pointing only the nostrils in the direction of flight and open-mouth phyllostomids pointing both the nostrils and mouth gape in the direction of flight. Ancestral trait reconstruction showed that the open mouth mode is the ancestral state within the Phyllostomidae. Based on the observed behavioral differences, we suggest that phyllostomid bats are not all nasal emitters as previously thought and discuss possible reasons. Further experiments, such as selectively obstructing sound emission through nostrils or mouth, respectively, will be necessary to clarify the actual source, plasticity and ecological relevance of sound emission of phyllostomid bats flying with their mouths open.

Analisis Estetika pada Karya Seni Patung Dolorosa Sinaga

The work of art is a visual form that always communicates and even expresses the ideas and experiences that the birth of his sisenimannya. The artwork that is present is a representation of the phenomena that exist in the environment that has a certain meaning and meaning to dissected and analyzed. In addition, artwork is a visual form that always communicates and even expresses ideas and experiences that are born by the sisenimannya. The artwork that is present is a representation of the phenomena that exist in the environment that has a certain meaning and meaning to dissected and analyzed. Analyzing a work of art seems unfair if we do not specify the cultural context of the time in which the work of art was born. Dolorosa Sinaga is a woman born in the tribe of Batak. Batak itself has Patrilineal kinship system. in the Patrilineal community structure based on the father lineage (male), the descendant of the father (male) is considered to have a higher position and his rights will also get more. This brief explanation of the artist's background has become a reference to be developed in interpreting the work analyzed later. Meanings and messages to be conveyed visible from the figure of a mother who was carrying her child. Mothers are women who do not get the highest place among the Batak tribe, so the inheritance belongs entirely to men. The suffering of women is illustrated by the expression of a mother on this work that suffers with an open mouth. Open mouth is part of the complexity of this work because it has the meaning and meaning of a mother who wants to ask for help when a mother is left by the men.