Estimation of Parameters of 5G Network Dimensioning

Cellular network traffic increases rapidly, and new services are introduced every year. For proper planning and design of such networks, exact requirements must be known with good accuracy. Dimensioning is an important part of network planning and design. Dimensioning is essential to determine the network requirements. In the coming years, fifth-generation (5G) will be deployed widely. 5G infrastructure is hybrid of wireless and optical components. For 5G network dimensioning, there is a need of a hybrid model. In this paper, the authors develop mathematical expressions for 5G network dimensioning. They use ITU proposed typical 5G network provisions to estimate bandwidth, network capacity, coverage, and capital expenditures. They also establish the correlation between the optical and the wireless parts. The expressions developed in this work can be used for the fast estimation of network coverage. So, this model can play important roles for 5G network planning and design.

A Step-by-Step Approach to Bandpass/Channel Filter Design

This paper presents a step-by-step approach to the design of bandpass/channel filters. The chapter serves as a reference source to microwave stakeholders with little or no filter design experience. It should help them design and implement their first filter device using the microstrip technology. A 3-pole Chebyshev bandpass filter (BPF) with centre frequency of 2.6 GHz, fractional bandwidth of 3%, passband ripple of 0.04321 dB, and return loss of 20 dB has been designed, implemented, and simulated. The designed filter implementation is based on the Rogers RT/Duroid 6010LM substrate with a 10.7 dielectric constant and 1.27 mm thickness. The circuit model and microstrip layout results of the BPF are presented and show good agreement. The microstrip layout simulation results show that a less than 1.8 dB minimum insertion loss and a greater than 25 dB in-band return loss were achieved. The overall device size of the BPF is 18.0 mm by 10.7 mm, which is equivalent to 0.16λg x 0.09λg, where λg is the guided wavelength of the 50 Ohm microstrip line at the filter centre frequency.

Smart System to Detect a Lethargic Driver and Parking the Car to Avoid Accidents

This article describes that driving drowsily is an issue that has been troubling various countries for years, and parts of India face compounded risks due to the country's geography and driving style. Driving drowsily is especially dangerous when paired with poor road conditions in rural, mountainous areas. In this paper, fatigue detection of the driver and emergency parking to reduce the number of accidents caused due to drowsy driving, which deals with automatic drowsiness detection using image processing and emergency auto parking of the vehicle. The paper also discussed an algorithm to detect, track, and analyze driver's EAR (eye aspect ratio) associated with facial landmarks.

Experimental Characterization of Admittance Meter With Crude Oil Emulsions

Measuring water content is useful in the oil industry to quantify the actual amount of oil being produced. This extent is used in the processes of control and transfer of custody in tank farms, flow stations, and others. In this study, to determine the water content with an admittance measuring device, a characterization was performed with emulsions to identify the behavior of the sensor against this type of fluid. The device has facing electrodes parallel flat. Emulsions O/W and W/O were prepared in the laboratory with heavy oil at laboratory temperature conditions. The capacitance measurement is used to calculate the value of relative permittivity of the fluid (εm) and conductance is used to calculate the conductivity of the mixture (σm). The results of water content measurements showed the sensor response is related to the continuous phases of the emulsions. In addition, these measurements indicated that a characterization of the electrical behavior of the emulsions, as well as the effect of the formulation of the emulsion, can be made using this equipment.

Exigency of OSHA Standards Concerning Indian Telecom Riggers

Telecom towers play the utmost important role in mobile communication whereas riggers (tower workers/climbers) are the backbone to erect and maintain such tower infrastructure. Work on telecom towers includes tower structure work, hoisting and de hoisting of various types of antennas, RF cable laying and connectorization. The purpose of this article is to identify gaps among stakeholders in adopting safety standards to protect telecom tower riggers in Indian telecom domain and proposed framework for establishing Occupational, Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for Indian telecom tower riggers to fill the gap and create a conducive atmosphere among telecom companies and tower infrastructure providers while utilizing the services of riggers. This article tabulates basic parameters that are required to find “rigger-man-hours” on each work/activity of rigger on the telecom tower. This will enable telecom companies to forecast their regular riggers requirement as well to assess the future demand across geographical areas of the country.

Implementation of IoT-Based Generator Management System Using GPy

In the era of digital devices, many industries still use traditional methods of pen and paper to maintain records. One such industry is the diesel generator industry where these generators are operated without any proper supervision. The current management of these generator vans is highly unorganized. This causes a lot of miscommunication between the owners and the customers. The idea focuses on monitoring the different parameters of a diesel generator using internet-connected sensors. Parameters such as fuel consumption, AC power ON time, RPM of the turbine, and temperature are measured in real time. The system helps the owners to monitor their generators vans through one mobile application rather than depending on the on-site operators. Both the owners and customers can see how much power was consumed and how their bill was generated. Rather than using pen and paper to maintain records in the current method, the new system completely transforms the old methods into a highly digitalized modern business.

Holography

In this growing era of new generation and well-developed technologies, the human mind is willing to develop something new every day, something more innovative to make our life simpler. The requirement of better and clear output has been increased tremendously. The innovation requirement has reached such a level that before an uttered word, the visual presentation behind that thought needs to be seen. One of those developments started with the development of the stereo-photographs, after which 3-D or 3D images came in the picture; now the development is taking place in the holography section. In this paper, the reader learn know about the difference in all three eras and more details about holography and hologram formation. From the starting age to the date till now the developments in 3-D are explored along with the interconnection of holography and 5G, he future scope of holography, how it is useful for mankind and its real-life applications. About the physics involved in holography, its evolution and conclusion about its existence in the future are explored.

Adoption of Micro-Strip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication

The tremendous growth in wireless technology boosts the need for data transmission at high rates and with fast speed. The invention of wireless data transmission techniques cut down infrastructure costs by omitting the need for wires for long-distance communication. In every wireless application like wi-fi, Bluetooth, wi-max, GPS, mobile communication, satellite communication, etc. needs an antenna for signal transmission using radio wave, so the antenna is highly regarded for this. In this research article, an overview of wireless communication and the need for a microstrip patch antenna is discussed for wireless applications with gain and bandwidth enhancement techniques discovered by researchers till now after an extensive literature survey. Antenna performance is analyzed in terms of antenna parameters like VSWR, bandwidth, return loss, gain, and radiation pattern. This extensive literature survey is done to provide benefit to researchers and to analyze how much antenna efficiency is obtained at different frequencies in terms of the above-mentioned antenna parameters.

A Jawbreaker-Shaped Fragmentary Ground Textile Flexible Antenna

Under this article, a jawbreaker-shaped textile antenna is designed for assortment applications like satellite communication, security system, medical, etc. For the antenna to be wearable, jeans substrate is used in place of FR-4 material so that it can easily bend. After simulating in CST software, the resonant frequency is 7.5 GHz under which it covers the range of 5.37 GHz to 8.36 GHz frequency. The simulating result of proposed antenna shows high efficiency, better directivity, and radiation pattern. The overall bandwidth of proposed antenna is 27.07%.

Trio-Sensor Wireless Networked System for Indoor Monitoring and Fire Detection in Human Habitats

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) in recent times have become a dominant technology in environmental monitoring and in early detection of conditions like fire outbreaks in order to save lives and properties. In this article, the design and development of a WSN fire detection system is presented. For accurate and reliable detection of fire, three sensors (i.e., MQ-2, DS18B20, and KY-026) are employed in addition to other WSN key components for the respective detection of gas, temperature, and infrared, which are major fire parameters. The system further has a battery monitoring scheme for the observation of the energy resource of the nodes and to ensure their viability. A developed graphic user interface is deployed for the remote monitoring of the entire system and its data. Results obtained from the different test conditions using combustible solid, inflammable liquid, and gas show that the system performed optimally. The developed system is recommended for residential and small office applications.