Antioxidant and Anti α-amylase Activities of Polar Extracts of Mitracarpus hirtus and Saba senegalensis and the Combinason of their Butanolic Extracts

Diabetes mellitus is a major public health disease, and it affects all segments of the population around the world. The progression of this disease is worrying, 460 million in 2019, the number of diabetics is estimated in 2045 at 700 million worldwide. The antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the ethyl acetate (EA) and Butan-1-ol (But-ol) fractions of M hirtus and Saba senegalensis are studied in this work. The results revealed that the fractions possessed flavonoid, tannins, terpenes and sterols; and exhibit potent radical scavenging activity using DPPH as substrate. The butanolic fractions exhibited more significantly α-amylase inhibitory activities than the ethyl acetate fractions. The IC50 values of butanolic fractions are 0.099 and 0.41 mg/ml respectively for M hirtus and S Senegalensis versus 0.44 and 1.45mg/ml ethyl acetate fractions. The combined butanol fractions of the two plants do not lead to the expected synergetic activities. Thus, it could be concluded that due to the presence of antioxidant components in the plant, extracts have well prospective for the management of diabetes and the related condition of oxidative stress.

Evaluation of antimycobacterial activity of medicinal plants used by Malian traditional medicine practitioners to treat tuberculosis

Global Tuberculosis (TB) control is facing major challenges such as occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR). The current TB drugs are getting less effective and associated with side effects limiting their use, especially with MDR and XDR infected patients. In Mali, many medicinal plants are used against various diseases including bacterial infections. The study aimed at studying the antimycobacterial activities of 60 extracts from 22 Malian medicinal. The antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was assessed employing micro-broth dilution method. Out of 60 extracts evaluated, eleven from nine different plants were found to be active against H37Rv strain. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranked from 125 μg/mL to 1250 μg/mL. The most active extracts (125 μg/mL) were represented by ethanolic extract of Saba senegalensis and Vitellaria paradoxa leaves, dichloromethane extract of Cola cordifolia leaves, Strychnos spinosa and Ximenia Americana roots. Ethanolic extract of Zizyphus mauritiana, Guiera senegalensis and methanolic extract of Anthocleista djalonensis also prevented the growth of H37Rv at 250 μg/mL. The results suggest that Saba senegalensis, Vitellaria paradoxa, Cola cordifolia, Strychnos spinosa and Ximenia Americana could be potential sources of antimycobacterial molecules

Biochemical Characterization and Nutritional Profile of Jam and Syrup from Saba senegalensis fruit in Côte d'Ivoire

Saba senegalensis is a plant to the family of Apocynaceae and its fruit called Saba is mainly used as food. For better valorisation, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional potential of jam and syrup derived of this fruit. The study was carried out on the fruit of Saba senegalensis harvested in the north of Côte d'Ivoire. After jam and syrup formulation, pH, dry matter, ash, macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, anti-nutritionals factors and nutritional profile have been determined. The results showed that jam and syrup of Saba were acidic with respective pH of 3.11 ± 0.01 and 3.65 ± 0.05. They contented higher in carbohydrates with respective rates of 56.53 ± 0.24 % and 66.27 ± 1.08 %. Vitamin C rate in jam and syrup was respectively about 20.01 ± 0.01 mg/100 g and 18.33 ± 2.22 mg/100 g. The most important mineral was potassium which rate is 136.71 ± 4.08 mg/100 g and 241.76 ± 5.9 mg/100 g in jam and syrup respectively. They also contain phytonutrients such as polyphenols (respectively 103.18 ± 0.69 mg/100 g and 3.29 ± 0.02 mg/100 g) and antinutritional factors such as oxalates (respectively 102.01 ± 6.93 mg/100 g and 19.96 ± 0.01 mg/100 g). Nutritional profile has classified Saba Senegalensis jam and syrup to the group 4 of foods, foods that must be eaten occasionally. The transformation of Saba in jam and syrup could be a good way to valorise this fruit and also ensuring its consumption through the year.

Variabilité démographique de Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichon suivant le gradient climatique au Burkina Faso

Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichon est une liane ligneuse de la famille des Apocynaceae. Elle est aussi appelée liane goïne. Les produits forestiers non ligneux obtenus à partir de cette espèce ont une grande importance socio-économique au Burkina Faso. Cependant, les caractéristiques démographiques de l’espèce sont peu connues bien que nécessaires pour mettre en place des programmes de gestion durable. La présente étude a pour objectif d’évaluer les caractéristiques démographiques de S. senegalensis suivant le gradient climatique au Burkina Faso. Un échantillonnage aléatoire orienté a conduit à installer des placeaux de 1 000 m2 pour l’inventaire des populations. Les mesures dendrométriques ont concerné le diamètre de la tige au collet et à 1,30 m du sol pour les individus adultes et les diamètres à 20 cm du sol et au collet, respectivement pour les jeunes plants et les plantules. L’indice de Green, la densité, le diamètre moyen des tiges et la surface terrière ont été calculés et comparés entre les zones climatiques. Les résultats ont montré une distribution agrégative de S. senegalensis révélée par l’indice de Green. La densité, le diamètre moyen et la surface terrière ont varié significativement (p < 0,05) entre les zones climatiques. Les fortes densités des sujets adultes de S. senegalensis se trouvent dans les zone sahélienne et soudanienne. Le modèle linéaire généralisé montre que la température et les précipitations ont une influence sur l’établissement de la régénération de S. senegalensis. La structure démographique a révélé une abondance de juvéniles qui représentent un important potentiel de renouvellement des populations. S. senegalensis montre une certaine résilience de ses populations ; mais, du fait de la péjoration climatique et de la pression anthropique, la conservation de l’espèce dans son habitat naturel reste aléatoire.

Potential anti-diabetic property of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Saba senegalensis Pichon (apocynaceae) in mice

This study made it possible to demonstrate that Saba senegalensis has hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglyvemic effects in mice. The aqueous extract of Saba senegalensis from 75 to 250 mg / Kg bw causes a dose-dependent hypoglycemia ranging from 4.84 to 34.62% (p <0.01-0.05), in normoglycemic mice, 60 minutes after treatment. The Glucose-Induced Hyperglycemia Orally (OPGH) test showed that in the presence of Saba senegalensis aqueous extract at a concentration between 75 and 250mg/Kg bw, the glucose-induced hyperglycemic peak (3g/Kg bw) is reduced from 26.49 to 71.77% (p < 0.01-0.05), 30 minutes after treatment. Oral administration of the aqueous extract of this plant in doses up to 5000 mg / Kg bw resulted in no deaths in mice during two weeks of observation.

Ovicidal and Larvicidal Activities of Saba senegalensis (A.DC) Pichon (Apocynaceae) Extracts and Fractions on Heligmosomoides bakeri (Nematoda, Heligmosomatidae)

Aims: To investigate ovicidal and larvicidal activities of an aqueous decoction (AD) and hydroethanolic macerate (HEM) extracts and fractions of the leaves of Saba senegalensis. Study Design: In vitro, the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of AD and HEM extracts and fractions of the leaves of Saba senegalensis on the eggs and larvae (L1) of Heligmosomoides bakeri. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the department of Medicine and Traditional Pharmacopeia-Pharmacy (MEPHATRA-PH) of Institute of Research in Health Sciences (IRSS) between June 2015 and December 2016. Methodology: The phytochemical groups of the extract and fractions of Saba senegalensis were determined by a colorimetric and Thin Layer Chromatography methods. The eggs were obtained from feces of mice deliberately infected and the larvae from the eggs were incubated at 25 ±2℃ for 72 hours. Eggs and larvae were exposed to increasing concentrations (100; 625; 1250; 2500; 3750 µg/mL) of the different extracts, 48 hours and 24 hours for the eggs and larvae respectively. Distilled water and DMSO 0.1% were used as negative controls while albendazole and levamisole were used as positive controls. Results: The phytochemical groups of interest are the tannins, saponins, flavonoids and triterpenes. The negative control had given 2.16% of egg hatch inhibition and 0% of larvae mortality mean while the positive control had given 100% in both cases. The extracts inhibited eggs hatching and affected larval survival. Pharmacological effects were concentration-dependent. The ovicidal and larvicidal activity of HEM is more interesting than that of AD with an Emax = 95.60% and an IC50 = 390 µg/mL. It is the same for the larvicidal activity with Emax = 100% and an LC50 = 900 µg/mL. However, the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: These results show the ovicidal and larvicidal properties of the S. senegalensis leaves.

Dilution Ratio and Pasteurization Effects on the Physico-chemical Characteristics of the Pulp of Saba senegalensis of Côte d'Ivoire

Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dilution ratio and pasteurization on physico-chemical parameters of Saba senegalensis pulp in the context of its recovery. Study Design: The experimental set-up was of a completely randomized design. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Department of Food Science and Technology, at the Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Tropical Product Technology (BATPTL) of Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, between June and August 2019. Methodology: The pulp collected from the fruit was diluted according to the following pulp/water ratio (RPW; v/v): 1:0.5; 1:1 and 1:1.5 and pasteurized at 75°C at different times (5 min, 10 min and 15 min). The pH, titratable acidity (TA), Total soluble solid (TSS), vitamin C, β-carotene and the colour were determined on the different samples. Results: The results obtained during this study showed that all the physico-chemical parameters evaluated, except pH, are affected during dilution while during pasteurization only vitamin C and β-carotene are affected. During the respective dilutions, 50%, 62% and 66% of the vitamin C concentration decreased as well as 53%, 74% and 76% of β-carotene. It also led to a decrease in total soluble solid (TSS) of 32%, 50% and 59%. Following the pasteurization of each diluted pulp12%, 45% and 50% on average of the vitamin C are lost at the respective pasteurization time (5 min, 10 min and 15 min respectively). For β-carotene the content decreases (50%) within the first 5 minutes and remains constant during the last 10 minutes of pasteurization. Conclusion: During Saba senegalensis fruit processing into nectar, dilution and pasteurization factors must be considered in order to ensure the physico-chemical quality of the beverage. The physico-chemical characteristics were more affected during dilution than in pasteurization.