THE ROLE OF BIO, ORGANIC AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS IN THE GROWTH OF BUDDED APRICOT SEEDLINGS CV. "ZAGHINIA"

The study was conducted in the nursery of Hort. Dept., College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University, Iraq, during 2018 season to study the response of budded "Zaghinia" apricot on seedlings rootstock to bio, organic and chemical fertilizers, and their effects on seedling growth. The studied factors were as follows: Bio fertilizer Fulzyme (0, 1 and 2 g.seedling-1 ), Organic fertilizer (rice residue) (0, 1 and 2 kg.seedling-1 ) and DAP fertilizers (0, 5 and 10 gm.seedling-1 ). The study was performed by using split-split plots within factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with 3 factors and 3 replicates, by using 6 seedlings for each treatment. Treatment means were compared by using Duncan multiple levels at 5% p. The most important results obtained were as follows: 1 and 2 g.seedling-1 of bio fertilizer (Fulzyme) resulted in a significant increase in most of traits, especially leaves content of P and Zn, while the addition of organic fertilizer (rice residue) at 1 and 2 kg.seedling-1 gave a significant increase in most of studied traits (leaves N, P, K and Zn, Chemical fertilizer (DAP) at the levels 5 and 10 g.seedling-1 affected significantly most of the studied traits, especially leaves K and Zn. The double interaction has a high role in seedlings growth, especially the interaction between bio fertilizer (Fulzyme) and organic fertilizer (rice residue), which affected highly in leaves N, P & Zn and the triple interference also gave a significant increase in all studied traits.

THE POSSIBILITY OF USING NANOFERTILIZERS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY AND RAISE THE EFFICIENCY OF VEGETABLE CROPS PRODUCTIVITY AND REDUCE THE DAMAGE OF BIOLOGICAL STRESSES (Review Article)

Several methods were used to increase productivity and improve the quality of the product for vegetable crops and prolong their presence in the markets, including the treatment of various vegetable crops with industrial growth regulators and mineral fertilizers, whether fertilizers containing in their composition contain micronutrients or major nutrients. Global statistics have shown in many studies that there are large numbers of people in the world whose number exceeds 3 billion peoples who suffer from undernutrition, especially the shortage of micronutrients, as this problem can be overcome by adding fertilizers containing these elements to agricultural production fields in different ways, but the use of these chemical fertilizers may have negative harmful effects on the environment and public health in addition to the high prices, which constitute an economic burden on farms, so the researchers moved not long ago to adopt the idea of using nanofertilizers to raise production efficiency and reduce the harm of biological stresses reduce the cost of production processes as well as it is the safest food source compared to chemical fertilizers in vegetable crops, which have been used and utilized in many scientific fields in many countries of the world.

NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM NUTRIENTS REQUIREMENTS (FERTIGATION) OF ZIV CV. BANANA ON GROWTH, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY IN SANDY SOIL

The present work was done in a private farm at El-Khatatba region during three successive seasons of 2016/2017 (first ratoon), 2017/2018 (second ratoon) and 2018/2019 (third ratoon) of Ziv banana plants (Musa cavendishii L.) grown on sandy soil to study NK nutrients requirements (fertigation) on vegetative growth, yield fruit quality, NK-efficiency and economic return. Nitrogen and Potassium were applied at different rates and their combinations, Nitrogen (600g, 750 and 900 g actual N/plant/year) and potassium (750, 1000 and 1250 g actual K2O/plant/year). They were used 240 unequal doses around the year and were add as solution by fertigation. Results revealed growth parameters of plant i.e. pseudostem height, circumference, number of green leaves and assimilation area at bunch shooting stage significantly increased by increasing the rate of NK fertilizer. The rate of 900g actual N and 1250g actual K2 O gave the highest values for the above characters compared with other treatments. Growth cycle of plants tended to decrease as fertilizers was increase. Increase the rate of fertilizers shortened the growth cycle duration of Ziv banana. The highest yield, bunch weight, finger weight and fruit characteristics were achieved from Ziv banana plants fertilized with 900g actual N with 1250g actual K2O/plant/year. NK utilization efficiency was affected with the rate of fertilizers. The better value of NUE (42 &48 & 44.4Kg. fruit/g actual N) was obtained from plants fertilizer with 750 g actual N+1250 g actual K2 O while highest value of KUE was (40.8 & 48 & 45.6) with the rate900 g actual N+750 g actual K2 O under tested seasons. The economic return of Ziv banana plants gradually increase by increasing NK fertilizers. Plants were fertilized with the 900 g. N + 1250g. K2O/plant/year gave the highest income compared with other treatment. While the lowest rate of NK fertilizer (600 g N+ 750 g K2O plant/year) gave the cheap income.

EXTENDING THE KHALAL STAGE OF “ZAGHLOUL” DATES BY UTILIZING THE MODIFIED PACKING METHOD AND ANTIETHYLENE COMPOUNDS

The present study was conducted in order to increase the availability of "Zaghloul" dates favored for consumption at the khalal stage. During the two successive seasons 2017 and 2018, dipping postharvest treatments and the modified packing method were applied to extend the khalal stage of "Zaghloul" date palm fruits. The treatments included the control (water), the control with wood shavings, CaCl2 (2%, w/v), glycerol (1 %, v/v), CaCl2 plus glycerol, AVG (50 ppm), putrescine (2mM) and AVG followed by putrescine, then, the treated fruits with the substances treatments were embedded in layers of the wood shavings. All packed dates stored under cold storage conditions (4oC and 90 -95 % relative humidity). The results revealed that all treatments were able to reduce weight loss, fruit decay, electrolyte leakage, total soluble solids percentages and rutab score. More drastic reduction in these characteristics was found with the application of AVG when followed by putrescine in the presence of wood shavings. While, there was no clear trend for treatments effect on fruit total acidity content. Treated dates with CaCl2 or AVG when followed by putrescine had the highest values of total sugars. On the contrary, anthocyanin content in dates peel slightly increased by different treatments. This study provided evidence about the feasibility of using the combination of AVG with putrescine or CaCl2 plus glycerol in the presence of wood shavings to extend the khalal stage of "Zaghloul" dates and maintain their quality on a large scale.

STUDY ON THE RESPONSE OF THE SAFARI POTATO VARIETY TO SPRAYING WITH THE NUTRIENT SOLUTION HORTIPHYTE AND THE SEAWEED EXTRACT STYMULANT FORTE

An experiment was carried out in vegetable fields, Department of Horticulture and Gardening, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University for the spring season 2018. To find out the effect of foliar feeding of a seaweed extract (Stymulant forte) in concentrations of (0, 3 and 6) g. L-1 and Hortiphyte nutrient solution in concentrations (0, 2 and 4) ml. L-1 on the potato crop class A (Safari). The experiment was carried out with 9 factor treatments according to the Randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications. The results of the studied treatments were tested according to the polynomial Duncan test at a probability level of 0.05. The results showed the superiority of the treatment of spraying seaweed extract at concentration 6 g. L-1 was significant, given the highest significant values for average stem length and number of aerial stem. plant-1 , and the percentage of dry matter for the plant%, while spray treatment was superior to 3 g. L-1 was significant in the leaf area index, treatment of spraying feeding solution in two or four ml concentrations. L-1 was significant at average stem length (cm) and number of aerial stem. plant-1 , with an increase of (5.10 and 15.35%), respectively; compared to the comparison treatment. The two characteristics of chlorophyll and the percentage of dry matter per plant were not different from the comparison treatment. As for the results of the total yield, it was given the treatment of spraying the seaweed extract at a concentration of 6 g. L -1 is the most significant value for the number of tubers. Plant-1 , average weight of tuber (kg), yield of one plant (kg), percentage of dry matter for tubers%, and production rate per area (tons. ha-1) compared to the rest of the treatments, and reached (13.111 tuber. Plant-1 , 0.126 kg, 1.63 kg, 16.127%, 87.390 ton. ha-1 ), respectively. The treatment of spraying the nutrient solution affected the 2 or 4 mL concentrations. 1 liter-1 morally by giving the highest significant values for the average weight of the tuber, the yield of one plant and the percentage of dry matter for tubers and total production per area compared to the no-spray treatment, and with an increase of 11.11 kg, 11.68 kg, 7.43%, 11.54 tons. ha-1 ), respectively. It did not differ from the comparison treatment in terms of the number of tubers. plant

IMPROVING FLOWERING AND FRUITING OF VALENCIA ORANGE TREES BY USING HUMIC ACID AND SOME BIOFERTILIZERS

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of humic acid and biofertilization by Nitrobein and rhizobacterin on flowering, yield and fruit quality of Valencia orange (Citrus sinenses) trees budded on sour orange rootstock and grown in a loamy sand soil under drip irrigation system at El-Kassasin Horticultural Research Station Farm, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt during two successive seasons 2017 and 2018. Four different doses of humic acid (0, 50, 100 and 150 g/ tree) and two types of biofertilizers i.e., nitrobein and rhizobacterin were added as soil application through drip irrigation (on distance 100-150 cm from tree trunk and 30 cm depth around each tree) at three equal doses in February, April and June at the rate of 2 L/ fed. for factorial experiment under two factors. The results indicated that all application of different levels of humic acid alone or in combination with biofertilizers had a positive effect on increased flowering characteristics, fruit set percentage and total yield as well as improved fruit physical and chemical characters. In addition, interaction treatment between rhizobacterin and humic acid at 150 g/ tree was the most effective treatment in enhancing flowering parameters (leafy inflorescences and flowering percentage on leafy and woody inflorescences) as well as total yield, average fruit weight, total soluble solids (TSS), TSS/ acid ratio, vitamin C content and total sugars and decreased the woody inflorescences %, percentages of both the total acidity and reducing sugars in fruit juice. In addition, fruit set percentage, fruit juice weight and volume were the best on trees biofrtilized with nitrobein and humic acid at 150 g/ tree in both seasons.

IMPROVING THE VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF FRUIT SEEDLINGS AND THEIR MINERAL ELEMENTS USING LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZERS (Review Article)

Clean agriculture is defined as a method of agricultural production that avoids the use of chemicals, especially fertilizers and pesticides, and on this basis, this agriculture, including organic, has a positive impact because it depends on available natural resources, which in turn reduces environmental pollution resulting from the use of chemical fertilizers and improving the environment And food security, and organic fertilizers of various types are an important and essential source of the elements needed by the larger and smaller plants as well as its very important role in improving the physical, chemical and biological soil properties, and in recent times. The importance of using liquid organic fertilizers has emerged as one of the most important clean alternatives to the nutrients needed for fruit seedlings, because it contains some organic acids such as humic and fulvic acids and amino acids and other substances that are cheap and easy to use and low pollution to the environment and agricultural products and their contribution to improving physical, chemical and biological characteristics soil, which is reflected positively in the growth and production of different plants.

IMPACT OF REGULATED DEFICIT IRRIGATION AND FOLIAR ZINC NANOPARTICLES APPLICATION ON PRODUCTIVITY OF MANGO TREES

what is impact of regulated deficit irrigation and foliar Zn nanoparticles application on productivity of mango trees? the answer to this question represents the main objective of this study. To verify this, an experiment was performed during the 2016/2017 on the mango trees mango (Mangifera indica L.) cvs." Nawomy" and "Sokary" which have about 16 years old in sandy soil under drip irrigation system. 100, 50, 75% of the crop evapotranspiration "ETc" were used, in parallel with three levels of concentrations of NPs-Zn micronutrient (0, 50, and 100 ppm) were applied three times; i.e., before flowering, 10 days after full bloom and after fruit set stages in both seasons. The highest yield and water-use efficiency were obtained with applying the RDI-75% of ETc treatment without significant difference that 100% of ETc treatment. The average fruit weight and size, length and width were larger for mango fruits from the 100% of ETc and 75% of ETc, with TSS%, total reducing sugars and ascorbic acid content being significantly greater than fruits of other irrigation treatments. Therefore, using the nano zinc as foliar sprays on mango trees at a concentration of 100 ppm improved fruit set percentage, total yield fruit quality (physical and chemical properties), also increased water use efficiency. It could be concluded that irrigated trees with 75% of ETc plus foliar spraying of nano zinc (NPs-ZnSO4) at 100 ppm was the most effective treatment for increasing fruit set, total yield and quality as well as water use efficiency of Nawomy and Sokary mango trees.

RESPONSE OF SOUR ORANGE SEEDLINGS TO APPLICATION OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND NUTRIGREEN FERTILIZER

The seedlings of Sour orange grown in plastic bags under the conditions of the Lath houses of the Horticulture Landscape design were treated with two levels of gibberellic acid (75 and 100 mg L-1 ) and three levels of liquid Nutrigreen fertilizer (2, 4 and 6 ml L -1 ) as well as all Interactions between them in addition to the comparison treatment in order to improve the vegetative growth of the seedlings, the study was designed according to the complete random design (CRD) by three replicates and 4 seedlings per experimental unit and used the Dunkin polynomial test at a 5% error probability level to compare the averages of the treatments, the results confirmed the treatment of 100 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid + 6 ml L-1 of Nutrigreen fertilizer significantly outperformed the treatment of comparators as the increase in the main stem diameter and leaf content of chlorophyll, and the highest increase in seedlings length was obtained for the treatment of Nutrigreen fertilizer at a concentration of 6 ml L-1 while recorded treatment 100 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid + 4 ml L-1 of Nutrigreen fertilizer the highest significant increase in the number of leaves as measured by the comparison treatment.

EFFECT OF FULZYME FERTILIZER, RICE RESIDUES AND DAP ON AVAILABLE OF SOME NUTRIENTS FOR THE SOIL OF BUDDED APRICOT SEEDLINGS PRUNUS ARMENIACA L. CV. "ZAGHINIA"

The study was conducted in the nursery of Hort. Dept., College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University, Iraq, during 2018 season to study the response of budded "Zaghinia" apricot on seedlings rootstock to bio, organic and chemical fertilizers, and their effects on seedling growth. The studied factors were as follows: Bio fertilizer Fulzyme (0,1and 2 g. seedling-1 ), organic fertilizer (Rice residue) (0, 1 and 2 kg. seedling-1 ) and DAP fertilizers (0, 5 and 10 g. seedling-1 ). The study was performed by using split-split plots within factorial experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD), with 3 factors and 3 replicates, by using 6 seedlings for each treatment. Treatment means were compared by using Duncan multiple levels at 5% p. the most important results obtained were as follows: 1 and 2 gm.seedling-1 of bio fertilizer (Fulzyme) and Chemical fertilizer (DAP) at the levels 5 and 10 g. seedling-1 affected significantly resulted in a significant increase in soil available nitrogen, while the addition of organic fertilizer (rice residues) and for both levels 1 and 2 kg. Seedling-1 gave a significant increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, ready-made potassium and pH of the seedling soil, and the bilateral interaction had a significant role in the growth of seedlings, especially the treatment of the interaction between the fertilizer (Fulzym) and organic fertilizer (Rice residues), which have a significant effect in giving the best results in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and the triple interference also gave a significant increase in all studied traits.