Ethanolic extract of ocimum kilimandscharicum linnleaves: phytochemical and in vitro pharmacological activity

Using an in vitro model, the anti-thrombolytic efficacy of ethanolic extracts of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Linn was investigated. The researchers discovered that different concentrations of the extract had significant anti-thrombolytic activity in a dose-dependent manner , which was comparable to a standard drug. As a result of the presence of flavonoids and polyphenols in the plant extract, it can be concluded that it has a promising future in the treatment of thrombosis. This knowledge will be useful in the clinical development of thrombolytic therapeutics by identifying more potent anti-thrombolytic principles from natural resources..

A review on liposomal amphotericin b in antifungal therapy

To reduce the in-vivo toxicity of the broad-spectrum antifungal drug amphotericin B, various lipid formulations of amphotericin B, ranging from lipid complexes to small unilamellar liposomes, have been developed and subsequently commercialized. These structurally diverse formulations differ in their serum pharmacokinetics as well as their tissue localization, tissue retention, and toxicity. This difference can affect the choice of formulation for a given infection, the time of initiation of treatment, and the dosing regimen. Although preclinical studies have shown similarities in the in-vitro and in-vivo antifungal activity of the formulations with comparable dosing, their acute, and chronic toxicity. Profiles are not the same, and this has a significant impact on their therapeutic indices, especially in high-risk, immunosuppressed patients. With the recent introduction of new antifungal drugs to treat the increasing numbers of infected patients, the amphotericin B lipid formulations are now being studied to evaluate their potential in combinational drug regimens. With proven efficacy demonstrated during the past decade, it is expected that amphotericin B lipid formulations will remain an important part of antifungal drug therapy.

Assessment of antimicrobial use in private and government hospitals, a comparative study in central kerala, using who indicators

Background: Irrational use of antimicrobial can cause various unwanted and untoward events. It may diminish the quality of patient care, increase the cost of therapy, and involvement in various side effects. Thus, the appropriateness of antimicrobial use in hospitals plays a pivotal role in patient safety. Objective: To analyze and assess the prescribing pattern of antimicrobials in private and government hospitals as per the WHO indicators. Methodology: A prospective comparative observational study was carried out for 6 months, with the patient diagnosed with an infectious disease admitted to the medical ward of both the hospitals during the study period. The data obtained from the study sites were Compared and analyzed using WHO indicators described in WHO’s “How to Investigate Antimicrobial use in Hospitals: Selected Indicators, Feb 2012”. Results: The study involved 216 patients and the average number of antimicrobials prescribed was found to be 1.73 in a private hospital and 2.07 in the government hospital, average cost of antimicrobials was found to be 86.48 INR in private and 31.04 INR in the government hospital, average duration of antimicrobial treatment was 4.8 in private and 5.2 in the government hospital, and the percentage of antimicrobials prescribed in generic was 33.33% in private and 87.83% in the government hospital. Considering the spectrum of antibiotics, both private (94.7%) and government (88.8%) used broad-spectrum antimicrobials. In both hospitals, cephalosporins were the most frequently prescribed class of antimicrobials. Comparing the dosage of antimicrobials given, injection usage is at the highest in government (59.5%) as well as in the private hospital (68.4%). Conclusion: This study indicates that the average cost of antimicrobials was more in a private hospital than that in a government hospital and other indicators such as the number of antimicrobials per hospitalization, duration of antimicrobial treatment, and the percentage of generic antimicrobials prescribed were all found to be more in a government hospital. In both private and government hospitals broad-spectrum antimicrobials were widely used, with cephalosporin as the most prescribed class.

Formulation development and evaluation of Luliconazole Topical Emulgel

The purpose of the present study was to develop and optimize the emulgel system for Luliconazole using different types of gelling agents: HPMCK15M, Carbopol 940, and Xanthan Gum. The prepared emulgels were evaluated in terms of appearance, pH, spreadability, viscosity, drug content, and in-vitro drug release. In-vitro release study demonstrated diffusion-controlled release of Luliconazole from formulation up to 12 hours. The drug release profile exhibited zero-order kinetics. All the prepared emulgels showed acceptable physical properties concerning color, homogeneity, consistency, spreadability, and higher drug release. In the case of all evaluation parameters, carbopol based formulation showed better properties so, as a general conclusion, it was suggested that the Luliconazole emulgel formulation prepared with carbopol (F6) was the formula of choice.

Formulation & InVitro Evaluation of Controlled Release Tablets of Oxcarbazepine

The present research project aimed to develop a Control release oral Oxcarbazepine tablets by using Polymers like Tamarind gum, Xanthan gum, HPMC K4M, and HPMC K 15M were used for controlling the drug release, and the polymers are mixed in a predetermined ratio. Totally 12 formulations were prepared and evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters, and all the results were found to be within the limits. From the drug and excipients compatibility studies(FT-IR) it was confirmed that the drug and excipients have any interactions. The in vitro dissolution studies revealed that the F12 formulation containing 18% of HPMC K4M & 18% of HPMC K15M controls the drug release up to 12hours. So F12 formulation was considered to be suitable for the formulation of Oxcarbazepine controlled-release tablets at 18% concentration of HPMC K4M & 18% concentration of HPMC K15M and the drug release kinetics revealed that the F12 formulation shows a super case II transport mechanism.

Formulation development and characterization of eplerenone insitu oralgels

Gastro retentive drug delivery systems have been widely used to prolong the retention of dosage forms in the stomach. Among the various approaches, the floating in-situ gelling formulation offers sustained drug release as well as prolonged gastric retention, along with the added advantage of the liquid oral dosage form. The present study was an attempt to formulate and evaluate floating in situ gel of Eplerenone by using various polymers like Xanthan gum, Carbopol, HPMC K100M, and Karaya gum which undergoes pH dependant sol-gel transition at gastric pH, thereby prolonging the retention of the system in the stomach. Sodium alginate a natural polymer was employed as a gelling agent where Gelation is triggered by the source of calcium ions in the form of calcium carbonate. Drug and polymers were subjected for compatibility study using FTIR studies, which revealed that there was no interaction between drugs and polymers. The evaluation was carried out for invitro parameters such as gelling nature, Total floating time, drug content, viscosity, & in vitro dissolution studies. Among all the formulations, the F12 formulation containing HPMC K100M was chosen as an optimized formulation that shows maximum drug release by the end of 12hrs and has excellent floating characteristics and gastric retention. From kinetic studies, the optimized formulation shows zero-order release with super case II transport mechanism.

Development and Validation of New Analytical Method for The Simultaneous Estimation of Darunavir And Ritonavir in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

A simple, Accurate, precise method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the Darunavir and Ritonavir in Tablet dosage form. The chromatogram was run through Agilent C18 150 x 4.6 mm, 5m. Mobile phase containing Buffer 0.1% Formic acid: Acetonitrile, taken in the ratio 70:30 was pumped through the column at a flow rate of 0.95 ml/min. The temperature was maintained at 30°C. The optimized wavelength selected was 293 nm. The retention times of Darunavir and Ritonavir were found to be 2.369min and 2.911. %RSD of the Darunavir and Ritonavir were and found to be 0.7 and 0.5 respectively. %Recovery was obtained as 99.67% and 99.78% for Darunavir and Ritonavir respectively. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equations of Darunavir and Ritonavir were 1.49, 5.191and 0.37, 1.11 respectively. Regression equation of Darunavir is y = 5421x + 640.7, and y = 3870.x + 5191 of Ritonavir. Retention times were decreased and run time was decreased, so the method developed was simple and economical that can be adopted in regular Quality control tests in Industries.

PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE BASED DRUG DELIVERY: PHARMACEUTICAL APPROACHES

Protein and peptide are last three decades therapeutic peptides and proteins have risen in prominence as potential drug of future. Polymers of protein consist of amino acids covalently linked by peptide bonds. Peptides are small proteins composed of up to a couple of dozen amino acids proteins are rapidly degraded by digestive enzymes. Till recently, injections remain the foremost common means for administering these protein and peptide drugs. In the other routes that have been tried with varying degrees of success are the oral, buccal, intranasal, pulmonary, transdermal, ocular and rectal. In this review, the aim is to specialise in the varied routes and approaches for delivery of Peptide and protein drugs. The Continuous efforts are focussed for formulation of this therapeutics into safe and effective delivery systems. In this review briefly describes the possible methods for the delivery of protein and peptide drugs through various routes.

HENNA (Lawsonia inermis) A MEDICINAL HERB EFFECTIVE IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE

Sickle cell anemia is a common disease in Oman country. In this disease, sickle-shaped cells are formed. These cells interrupt blood vessels and cause a reduction in oxygen transportation. It was founded that henna (Lawsonia inermis) can prohibit the formation of sickle cells. The Lawsone (2-Hydroxy-1,4-Naphthoquinone) is the constituents of henna which is responsible for the anti-sickling activity, by increasing the oxygen affinity of red blood cells. Hena has the anti-sickling activity which is proved by incubating aqueous and methanolic henna extracts with sickle cell disease patient's whole blood. Then for reduction to oxygen tension 2%, sodium bisulphite was added. Therefore, the percentage of sickled cells to normal red blood cells was observed at 30 minutes intervals. Henna proved a delay in the sickling process in 84% of the tested samples. Both extracts(aqueous and methanolic henna) can delay sickling for about an hour.

LIPOSOMES: TYPE, PREAPRATION AND EVALUATION

In this article, we discussed about type, preparation and evaluation of liposomes. The term liposome means body of lipid and it basically consisting of one or more phospholipid bilayers. liposomes are a mostly useful in reproduction, reagent, and gear in various scientific regimentation, including mathematics and theoretical physics, chemistry, colloid science, biochemistry, biology etc. these are one amongst the various drug delivery system used to target the drug to particular tissue because liposomes structure similar to lipid bilayer and cell membrane.