FORMULATION OF CINNAMON BARK ESSENTIAL OIL GEL AS MOSQUITO REPELLENT

Objective: The purpose of this research is to prepare a cinnamon bark essential oil gel preparation, determines the physical characteristic and physical stability during storage, and examines the activity of mosquito repellent from the best gel preparation. Methods: The formulations of gel were made with variations in the concentration of Carbopol 940 (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2%) contain 1% of cinnamon bark essential oil. The gel evaluated physical characteristics and physical stability. The parameters of organoleptic, homogeneity, and pH are analyzed descriptive, while the viscosity, the spreadability, and the gel adhesion were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at the level of confidence of 95%. The best gel tested its effectiveness as compared to the negative control and product innovator (which used DEET as an active compound) as a positive control. The activity of repellent was determined by an Aedes aegypti mosquito for 6 h with 2 hands respondents. The effectiveness of repellent protection is calculated by the percentage of protection power. Results: The studies showed that all the gel preparations qualified the organoleptic, homogeneity, and pH parameters. The viscosity, gel adhesion, and spreadability are also stable during storage. Conclusion: Based on the results, the best gel is the formula I which has mosquito repellent activity effective for 6 h like DEET.

Formulation and Evaluation of Topical Microemulgel Containing Terbinafine Hydrochloride

The purpose of this study is to create and test a Terbinafine hydrochloride microemulgel. Terbinafine hydrochloride is an FDA-approved antifungal medication used to treat fungal infections on the skin. It's a BCS class II medication with little bioavailability. In the realm of pharmaceutical sciences, microemulgel has evolved into one of the most intriguing topical preparations. Microemulgel as a delivery technique has several advantages over simple traditional formulations, including simplicity of administration, increased residence duration at the application site, consistent drug release with improved bioavailability, superior thermodynamic stability, and excellent transdermal permeability. Terbinafine hydrochloride microemulgels were made with carbopol 940 and HPMC as gelling agents, oleic acid as an oil, parabens as a preservative, and tween 20 as an emulgent and penetration enhancer. The appearance, spreadability, homogeneity, viscosity, pH, percent drug content, and in vitro diffusion studies of the generated microemulgel formulation were all visually checked. The findings show that developing a terbinafine-containing microemulgel is more effective, but clinical efficacy must be determined through clinical trials.

Development of Coriandrum sativum Oil Nanoemulgel and Evaluation of Its Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity

This study is aimed at developing coriander oil into a nanoemulgel and evaluating its antimicrobial and anticancer effects. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) oil was developed into a nanoemulgel by using a self-nanoemulsifying technique with Tween 80 and Span 80. Hydrogel material (Carbopol 940) was then incorporated into the nanoemulsion and mixed well. After this, we evaluated the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), rheology, antimicrobial effect, and cytotoxic activity. The nanoemulsion had a PDI of 0.188 and a particle size of 165.72 nm. Interesting results were obtained with the nanoemulgel against different types of bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.3 μg/ml, 3.75 μg/ml, and 6.5 μg/ml, respectively. In addition, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the nanoemulgel when applying it to human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Hep3B), and human cervical epithelioid carcinoma cells (HeLa) was 28.84 μg/ml, 28.18 μg/ml, and 24.54 μg/ml, respectively, which proves that the nanoemulgel has anticancer effects. The development of C. sativum oil into a nanoemulgel by using a self-nanoemulsifying technique showed a bioactive property better than that in crude oil. Therefore, simple nanotechnology techniques are a promising step in the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage forms.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL NANOGEL FOR TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Objective: Ciclopirox olamine has been used as antifungal agent. It is used as topical formulation because oral route causes irritation and ulceration of GIT. In this research work, antifungal nanogel formulated to reduce size of particle, improve in-vitro release and in-vivo release. Methods: Ciclopirox olamine nanogel was prepared by homogenization technique and incorporation of gelling agent to produce nanogel. Ciclopirox olamine nanogel formulated using Carbopol 940. Results: Antigungal Nanogels (F1-F6) were subjected to FT-IR analysis and showed no interaction between the drug and excipients. The best formulation (F6) elicited the high in-vitro release of 83.42 % at 8 hours; zeta-potential and particle size, obtained values were 230 nm and -27 mV correspondingly. In-vitro release kinetic models were shown that formulation-F6 follows First-order kinetics and high regression coefficient value r2 0.9866. SEM image of the best formulation-F6 depicts that no breakage of nanogel. The differential scanning calorimetry thermogram of ciclopirox olamine was found to be 140.09.7°C. The DSC thermogram of physical mixture of carbopol 940 and Euragit-S 100 was found to be 1290C and 218 0C. DSC study of nanogel (F6) showed no interaction between drug and excipients. The best formulation-F6 was subjected to in-vivo study on mice which showed better effect in treating dermatitis. Conclusion: It would be concluded that the best formulation-F6 which elicited better in-vitro drug release and enhanced dermatitis scoring. Keywords: Ciclopirox-olamine, Eudragit-S100, Glycerol, Dermatitis, Carbopol-940, Cellophane membrane.

Formulation and Evaluation of Ficus Benghalensis Emulgel for its Anti- Rheumatoid Arthritis Effect

The current study focuses on the development and characterization of ficus benghalensis powdered aerial roots emulgel to avoid the first-pass effect and strengthen bioavailability while reducing dosage intervals and dose-related deleterious reactions. three formulations with the same concentration and different polymers were formulated. Ethanolic and petroleum ether extract of dried aerial roots of ficus benghalensis were prepared by using different gelling agents like Carbopol 934, Carbopol 940, and Xanthane gum was formulated. The prepared formulations were evaluated for their qualitative as well as quantitative tests, physical appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, consistency, homogeneity, moisture loss, and finally in vitro anti-arthritic activity. Depending on the outcomes, it was observed that to all the formulation, F1 formulation containing Carbopol 940 with 4.6% moisture loss, 3780.3±5.0 viscosity and 6.1±0.1 PH and 43.7±1.53 spreadability shows better activity then all the other. Herbal emulgel of ethanolic extract of dried aerial roots of ficus benghalensis line, when compared with diclofenac emulgel, confirms the anti-arthritic activity through invitro release method.

Formulation and Evaluation Hydrogel of Agarwood Leaf (Aquilaria malacensis Lamk.) Extract Ethanol with Combination Carbopol 940 and HPMC K4M

Hydrogel is a topical preparation by applying it to the skin. Agarwood leaf extract is proven to contain flavonoid compounds which play a role in helping the wound healing process. The combination of carbopol and HPMC intend to cover the deficiency of carbopol when used at high concentrations and to provide an acidic ph. Know the influence combination of carbopol base 940 and HPMC K4M and the results of the evaluation of the optimal stability of the hydrogel extract of agarwood leaves. The method used is experimental with true-experimental design. The sample used is agarwood leaves in Tanah Bumbu Regency. Determination, preparation, extraction, hydrogel production and evaluation. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistics. Hydrogel formulation with a combination of carbopol base 940 and HPMC K4M gives an influence on the hydrogel formulation of agarwood leaf extract by evaluating the stability of organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability and adhesion. The result of the formulation that can maintain the stability of evaluation during storage for 28 days at room temperature is F2. Statistical test results of pH, viscosity, spreadability and adhesion <0.05, p-value <0.05 showed a significant difference in each formula. The influence of a combination of carbopol base 940 and HPMC K4M to the hydrogel formulation of agarwood leaf extract and a good formulation is found in F2.

COMBINATION OF METFORMIN AND CURCUMIN THERMOREVERSIBLE NASAL IN SITU GEL FORMULATION AND IN VITRO-EX VIVO EVALUATION FOR DIABETES-INDUCED ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

The present research was focused to prepare the formulation containing combination of Metformin and Curcumin to control diabetes-induced Alzheimer’s in elderly population with the utilization of Poloxamer P188 (8%), a thermoreversible gelling polymer, and mucoadhesive polymers such as Carbopol 940, Sodium alginate and HPMC K100 in varying concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% respectively) to improve the absorption of drugs by increasing the contact time with nasal mucosa. The in situ gel was prepared by cold method and administered via nasal route to deliver the drug directly to CNS by bypassing BBB and to improve patient compliance, nasal bioavailability of drugs by cumulative its nasal retention time in nasal mucosa. Total 12 nasal in situ gels were prepared and evaluated for in vitro studies and ex vivo drug diffusion studies (goat nasal mucosa) and results were found to be satisfactory. Moreover, histopathological studies revealed that the preparation was safe to be used on nasal mucosa of goat. The prepared nasal in situ gel is an effective alternative to conventional method and can be used to treat diabetes-induced Alzheimer’s disease.