Molecular Mechanisms of Transposon Epigenetic Regulation

2013 ◽  
pp. 71-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Martienssen ◽  
Vicki L. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms

scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulation of the Hippocampus, with Special Reference to Radiation Exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9514
Author(s):  
Genevieve Saw ◽  
Feng Ru Tang
Keyword(s):  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Hippocampal Function ◽  
Neuropsychological Disorders ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
And Function

The hippocampus is crucial in learning, memory and emotion processing, and is involved in the development of different neurological and neuropsychological disorders. Several epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, have been shown to regulate the development and function of the hippocampus, and the alteration of epigenetic regulation may play important roles in the development of neurocognitive and neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the epigenetic modifications of various cell types and processes within the hippocampus and their resulting effects on cognition, memory and overall hippocampal function. In addition, the effects of exposure to radiation that may induce a myriad of epigenetic changes in the hippocampus are reviewed. By assessing and evaluating the current literature, we hope to prompt a more thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie radiation-induced epigenetic changes, an area which can be further explored.

scholarly journals Early-life environment programs reproductive strategies through epigenetic regulation of SRD5A1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Bar-Sadeh ◽  
Or Eden ◽  
Lilach Pnueli ◽  
Kurshida Begum ◽  
Gregory Leeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Transcriptional Enhancer ◽  
Pubertal Onset ◽  
Early Life Environment

AbstractReproductive function and duration of the reproductive life span are phenotypically plastic and programmed in response to the early-life environment. Such adaptive responses are described and rationalized in life history theory in the context of resource availability, but the molecular mechanisms responsible have remained enigmatic. In this study, we hypothesized that epigenetic modifications underlie adaptive reproductive strategies, and found distinct methylation patterns in buccal DNA of Bangladeshi women who grew up in Bangladesh or the UK. The later pubertal onset and lower ovarian reserve associated with Bangladeshi childhood was seen to correlate with more numerous childhood infections, so we adopted a mouse model of pre-pubertal colitis to mimic these conditions. These mice have a similarly-altered reproductive phenotype, which enabled us to determine its mechanistic basis. Several genes encoding proteins with known functions in follicle recruitment were differentially expressed in the mice ovaries, and were also differentially methylated in the women’s buccal DNA. One of these, SRD5A1 which encodes the steroidogenic enzyme 5α reductase-1, was down-regulated in the mice ovaries and hyper methylated at the same putative transcriptional enhancer as in the women’s DNA; the levels of methylation correlating with gene expression levels. Srd5a1 expression was down-regulated also in the hypothalamus where 5α reductase-1 catalyzes production of neurosteroids that regulate gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Chemical inhibition of this enzyme affected both GnRH synthesis and release, and resulted in delayed pubertal onset in vivo. The activity of 5α reductase-1 in hypothalamus and ovary and the sensitivity of SRD5A1 to epigenetic regulation attest to its role in directing long-term physiological strategies in response to environmental conditions. In the reproductive axis, this includes timing of pubertal onset, adult reproductive function and duration of the reproductive lifespan.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulation of Circadian Clocks and Its Involvement in Drug Addiction

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1263
Author(s):  
Lamis Saad ◽  
Jean Zwiller ◽  
Andries Kalsbeek ◽  
Patrick Anglard
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Circadian Clocks ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Timing System ◽  
Small Regulatory Rnas ◽  
Circadian Timing System

Based on studies describing an increased prevalence of addictive behaviours in several rare sleep disorders and shift workers, a relationship between circadian rhythms and addiction has been hinted for more than a decade. Although circadian rhythm alterations and molecular mechanisms associated with neuropsychiatric conditions are an area of active investigation, success is limited so far, and further investigations are required. Thus, even though compelling evidence connects the circadian clock to addictive behaviour and vice-versa, yet the functional mechanism behind this interaction remains largely unknown. At the molecular level, multiple mechanisms have been proposed to link the circadian timing system to addiction. The molecular mechanism of the circadian clock consists of a transcriptional/translational feedback system, with several regulatory loops, that are also intricately regulated at the epigenetic level. Interestingly, the epigenetic landscape shows profound changes in the addictive brain, with significant alterations in histone modification, DNA methylation, and small regulatory RNAs. The combination of these two observations raises the possibility that epigenetic regulation is a common plot linking the circadian clocks with addiction, though very little evidence has been reported to date. This review provides an elaborate overview of the circadian system and its involvement in addiction, and we hypothesise a possible connection at the epigenetic level that could further link them. Therefore, we think this review may further improve our understanding of the etiology or/and pathology of psychiatric disorders related to drug addiction.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulation of Gibberellin Metabolism and Signaling

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1912-1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongyao Xie ◽  
Letian Chen
Keyword(s):  
Chromatin Remodeling ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Gibberellin Metabolism ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Environmental Responses ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The precise regulation of gibberellin (GA) metabolism and signaling is essential for plant development and environmental responses. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, such as histone modification, noncoding RNA-mediated regulation, chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation, are emerging as important means of fine-tuning gene expression. Recent studies have significantly improved our understanding of the relationships between epigenetic regulation and GA metabolism and signaling. Here, we summarize the molecular mechanisms by which epigenetic modifications affect GA metabolism and signaling pathways and provide new insight into an unfolding avenue of research related to the epigenetic regulation of GA pathways.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Modifiers as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Diabetic Kidney Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 4113
Author(s):  
Julio M. Martinez-Moreno ◽  
Miguel Fontecha-Barriuso ◽  
Diego Martin-Sanchez ◽  
Juan Guerrero-Mauvecin ◽  
Elena Goma-Garces ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Diabetic Kidney Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Sglt2 Inhibitors ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Diabetic Kidney ◽  
Bet Inhibitor

Diabetic kidney disease is one of the fastest growing causes of death worldwide. Epigenetic regulators control gene expression and are potential therapeutic targets. There is functional interventional evidence for a role of DNA methylation and the histone post-translational modifications—histone methylation, acetylation and crotonylation—in the pathogenesis of kidney disease, including diabetic kidney disease. Readers of epigenetic marks, such as bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) proteins, are also therapeutic targets. Thus, the BD2 selective BET inhibitor apabetalone was the first epigenetic regulator to undergo phase-3 clinical trials in diabetic kidney disease with an endpoint of kidney function. The direct therapeutic modulation of epigenetic features is possible through pharmacological modulators of the specific enzymes involved and through the therapeutic use of the required substrates. Of further interest is the characterization of potential indirect effects of nephroprotective drugs on epigenetic regulation. Thus, SGLT2 inhibitors increase the circulating and tissue levels of β-hydroxybutyrate, a molecule that generates a specific histone modification, β-hydroxybutyrylation, which has been associated with the beneficial health effects of fasting. To what extent this impact on epigenetic regulation may underlie or contribute to the so-far unclear molecular mechanisms of cardio- and nephroprotection offered by SGLT2 inhibitors merits further in-depth studies.

scholarly journals Elevated Expression of lncRNA MEG3 Induces Endothelial Dysfunction on HUVECs of IVF Born Offspring via Epigenetic Regulation

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Jiang ◽  
Hong Zhu ◽  
Hong Chen ◽  
Yi-Chen Yu ◽  
Ye-Tao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Pressure Coefficient ◽  
Elevated Expression ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Cardiovascular dysfunction in children born after in vitro fertilization (IVF) has been of great concern, the potential molecular mechanisms for such long-term outcomes are still unknown. Here, we found that systolic blood pressure was a little higher in IVF born offspring at 2 years old compared to those born after being naturally conceived. Besides, the expression level of maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) was higher in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from IVF offspring than that in spontaneously born offspring. Pearson correlation test showed that MEG3 relative expression is significantly related to the children's blood pressure (Coefficient = 0.429, P = 0.0262). Furthermore, we found decreased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) along with elevated expression of endothelial-1(ET1) in HUVECs from IVF offspring, accompanied by lower secretion of nitrite, VEGF, and higher secretion of ET1 in the umbilical cord serum of IVF offspring. Correlation analysis showed MEG3 expression highly correlated with ET1 and Nitrate concentration. With pyrosequencing technology, we found that elevated expression of MEG3 was the result of hypomethylation of the MEG3 promoter. Therefore, our results provide a potential mechanism addressing the high-risk of hypertension in IVF offspring via MEG3 epigenetic regulation.

scholarly journals Epigenetic regulation of sulfur homeostasis in plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (16) ◽  
pp. 4171-4182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Yuan Huang ◽  
Mengzhen Li ◽  
Rongjian Luo ◽  
Fang-Jie Zhao ◽  
David E Salt
Keyword(s):  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Histone Methylation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Nutrient Elements ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Abstract Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms for adaptation to fluctuating availability of nutrients in soil. Such mechanisms are of importance for plants to maintain homeostasis of nutrient elements for their development and growth. The molecular mechanisms controlling the homeostasis of nutrient elements at the genetic level have been gradually revealed, including the identification of regulatory factors and transporters responding to nutrient stresses. Recent studies have suggested that such responses are controlled not only by genetic regulation but also by epigenetic regulation. In this review, we present recent studies on the involvement of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA-mediated gene silencing in the regulation of sulfur homeostasis and the response to sulfur deficiency. We also discuss the potential effect of sulfur-containing metabolites such as S-adenosylmethionine on the maintenance of DNA and histone methylation.

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