scholarly journals Tall fescue management and environmental influences on soil, surface residue, and forage properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Franzluebbers ◽  
Matt Poore
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Surface Residue

scholarly journals Fuzzy Object-Based Image Analysis Methods Using Sentinel-2A and Landsat-8 Data to Map and Characterize Soil Surface Residue

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 2583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Payam Najafi ◽  
Hossein Navid ◽  
Bakhtiar Feizizadeh ◽  
Iraj Eskandari ◽  
Thomas Blaschke
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Surface Residue ◽  
Ground Truth Data ◽  
Object Based Image Analysis ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Sentinel 2A

Soil degradation, defined as the lowering and loss of soil functions, is becoming a serious problem worldwide and threatens agricultural production and terrestrial ecosystems. The surface residue of crops is one of the most effective erosion control measures and it increases the soil moisture content. In some areas of the world, the management of soil surface residue (SSR) is crucial for increasing soil fertility, maintaining high soil carbon levels, and reducing the degradation of soil due to rain and wind erosion. Standard methods of measuring the residue cover are time and labor intensive, but remote sensing can support the monitoring of conservation tillage practices applied to large fields. We investigated the potential of per-pixel and object-based image analysis (OBIA) for detecting and estimating the coverage of SSRs after tillage and planting practices for agricultural research fields in Iran using tillage indices for Landsat-8 and novel indices for Sentinel-2A. For validation, SSR was measured in the field through line transects at the beginning of the agricultural season (prior to autumn crop planting). Per-pixel approaches for Landsat-8 satellite images using normalized difference tillage index (NDTI) and simple tillage index (STI) yielded coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.727 and 0.722, respectively. We developed comparable novel indices for Sentinel-2A satellite data that yielded R2 values of 0.760 and 0.759 for NDTI and STI, respectively, which means that the Sentinel data better matched the ground truth data. We tested several OBIA methods and achieved very high overall accuracies of up to 0.948 for Sentinel-2A and 0.891 for Landsat-8 with a membership function method. The OBIA methods clearly outperformed per-pixel approaches in estimating SSR and bear the potential to substitute or complement ground-based techniques.

scholarly journals Soil compaction and cover with black oat on soybean grain yield in lowland under no-tillage system

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽  
Alison Machado Fontinelli ◽  
Lucas Santos da Silva ◽  
Leandro Galon ◽  
Matheus Martins Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Surface Residue ◽  
Residue Removal ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Winter Fallow

ABSTRACT: Brazil is the largest exporter and second largest producer of soybean grains. Most of this production is from plants grown under no-tillage system (NT). This research evaluated the effect of soil compaction, and different amounts of black oat residues on the soil surface on soybean growth and grain yield in lowland under NT. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replications, in the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 crop seasons. The treatments consisted of: 1) winter fallow without soil compaction (WF); 2) winter fallow with soil compaction (WF-C); 3) black oats and complete removal of surface residues, with soil compaction (0R-C); 4) black oats and removal half of surface residues, with soil compaction (0.5R-C); 5) black oats without surface residue removal, with soil compaction (1R-C); 6) black oats without surface residue removal, plus the residues from treatment 3, with soil compaction (2R-C); 7) black oats without surface residue removal, without soil compaction (1R). When the soybean plants were at the phenological stage R2, they were evaluated nodule, root and shoot dry matter, nitrogen contents, plant height, and grain yield. The soil physical properties were evaluated in the 0.0-0.05, 0.10-0.15 and 0.20-0.25 m layers. The soybean aerial dry matter is > 38% in non-compacted soil in year with soil water excess, regardless of the amount of surface oat straw. In year with small water deficit, soil with more surface oat straw produced > 5% shoot dry matter and > 4% of soybean grain, regardless of compaction. The plant growth and grain yield soybean in lowland varied according to the water conditions, and were affected by soil compaction and amounts of black oats residues on soil surface.

scholarly journals Measuring Soil Water Content under Turfgrass Using the Dual-probe Heat-pulse Technique

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 937-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Song ◽  
J.M. Ham ◽  
M.B. Kirkham ◽  
G.J. Kluitenberg
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Heat Pulse ◽  
Pulse Technique ◽  
Dual Probe

Measurements of soil water content near the soil surface often are required for efficient turfgrass water management. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse to determine if the dual-probe heat-pulse (DPHP) technique can be used to monitor changes in soil volumetric water content (θv) and turfgrass water use. `Kentucky 31' Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was planted in 20-cm-diameter containers packed with Haynie sandy loam (coarse-silty, mixed, calcareous, mesic Typic Udifluvents). Water content was measured with the DPHP sensors that were placed horizontally at different depths between 1.5 and 14.4 cm from the surface in the soil column. Water content also was monitored gravimetrically from changes in container mass. Measurements started when the soil surface was covered completely by tall fescue. Hence, changes in θv could be attributed entirely to water being taken up by roots of tall fescue. Daily measurements were taken over multiple 6- or 7-day drying cycles. Each drying cycle was preceded by an irrigation, and free drainage had ceased before measurements were initiated. Soil water content dropped from ≈0.35 to 0.10 m3·m-3 during each drying cycle. Correlation was excellent between θv and changes in water content determined by the DPHP and gravimetric methods. Comparisons with the gravimetric method showed that the DPHP sensors could measure average container θv within 0.03 m3·m-3 and changes in soil water content within 0.01 m3·m-3.

scholarly journals Epichloë Fungal Endophyte Symbiosis May Improve Tall Fescue Responses to Flooding and Oxygen-Limited Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayebeh Saedi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Sabzalian ◽  
Mohsen Zarebanadkouki
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation ◽  
Genotype E

Abstract Background and aims There is little information about the effect of grass-fungal endophyte symbiota on plant performance under oxygen-limited conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Epichloë endophyte symbiosis and tall fescue genotype on plant responses to oxygen stress in a greenhouse pot experiment.Methods A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with seven air-filled porosity levels in a sandy loam soil using two genotypes (75C and 75B) of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea = Schedonorus arundinaceus Schreb.) infected with and without endophytic fungus Epichlöe coenophiala (E+ and E–, respectively). Some selected growth and physiological parameters were determined after nine-month application of the treatments.Results The results showed that E+ plants benefited from endophytic symbiosis and showed slightly higher root and shoot development, more leaf chlorophyll, and lower catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activity than E– plants under poor aeration. The E– plants also coped with poor aeration conditions by forming adventitious roots at the soil surface, aerenchyma formation within the root tissue, and increased alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity.Conclusions The presence of endophyte improved the performance of the genotype E+ 75B under anaerobic conditions, while endophyte had an adverse effect on the performance of the genotype E+ 75C. In general, Epichloë endophyte presence decreased the flooding induced oxidative stress and prevented the formation and over-accumulation of reactive oxygen species in plant cells.

Can surface residue alleviate water and heat stress?

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wang ◽  
Y. Gan ◽  
K. Brandt ◽  
Y. He ◽  
X. Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Surface Residue ◽  
Surface Moisture

Wang, H., Gan, Y., Brandt, K., He, Y., Qin, X. and Li, Z. 2015. Can surface residue alleviate water and heat stress? Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 197–200. Surface-placed residue increased the near soil surface moisture and reduced root heat stress. The improved micro environment resulted in greater root length for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and canola (Brassica napus) and 34, 8 and 8% higher yield, 7, 52 and 20% more straw and 7, 5, and 7.5 cm taller than the non-residue check for wheat, canola and dry pea (Pisum sativum), respectively.

scholarly journals Stolons and rhizomes in tall fescue under grazing

1997 ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Brock ◽  
K.A. Albrecht ◽  
D.E. Hume
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Slow Rotation ◽  
Cattle Feeding ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Negative Impacts

Levels of treading damage were measured for a range of cattle feeding regimes and grazing managements which were compared during winter and spring. These paddock- and systems-based results provide a context within which component research on soil and plants can be interpreted. Soil surface damage was higher in farmlets with heavier cattle (390 kg vs. 200 kg steers) and on paddocks where feeding was restricted through the use of a slow rotation (100-120 days vs. 35-45 days). Where cattle grazed under wet conditions, with a pre- and post- grazing herbage mass of 2400 and 650 kg DM/ha respectively, damage levels reached 60-70% of the soil surface. Under these conditions, 300-350 kg DM/ha of initial forage on offer was pushed onto or into the surface soil; and pasture growth rates during early-mid spring would be reduced by 10 kg DM/ha/day. In practice the objective of grazing plans and management should be to minimise these negative impacts within the constraints of the required feeding regimes. Recommendations are made for the alignment of stock class and enterprise with land capabilities and the feed allocation processes of a winter rotation. Keywords: cattle grazing systems, forage supply treading damage

Effect of stubble-height management on crown temperature of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and chicory

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam D. Langworthy ◽  
Richard P. Rawnsley ◽  
Mark J. Freeman ◽  
Ross Corkrey ◽  
Matthew T. Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
North West ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Eastern Australia

Defoliating pasture to shorter stubble heights (height above the soil surface) may increase temperature at the plant crown (plant–soil interface). This is especially relevant to summer C3 pasture production in parts of south-eastern Australia, where above-optimal ambient temperatures (≥30°C) are often recorded. A rainfed field experiment in north-west Tasmania, Australia, quantified the effect of stubble-height management on the upper distribution of crown temperatures (90th and 75th percentiles) experienced by three pasture species: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; syn. Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.; syn. L. arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.), and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). Three stubble-height treatment levels were evaluated: 35, 55 and 115mm. Defoliation to shorter stubble heights (35 or 55mm cf. 115mm) increased the crown temperature of all species in the subsequent regrowth cycle (period between successive defoliation events). In the second summer, defoliating to shorter stubble heights increased the 90th percentile of crown temperature by an average of 4.2°C for perennial ryegrass, 3.6°C for tall fescue and 1.8°C for chicory. Chicory and second-year tall fescue swards experienced less-extreme crown temperatures than perennial ryegrass. This may partly explain why these two species often outyield perennial ryegrass in hotter summer environments than north-west Tasmania, and hence the increasing interest in their use.

Germination of Seeds of Turfgrasses as Affected by Glyphosate and Paraquat

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayton L. Klingman ◽  
J. J. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Grass Turf

Effects of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) on turfgrass seed germination were evaluated in the greenhouse. Glyphosate caused little effect on germination of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), and tall fescue (F. arundinacea Schreb.) when applied to the soil immediately before seeding or when applied directly over the seed on the soil surface. Paraquat sprayed directly over the seed on the soil surface prevented germination of most of the seeds of the three grass species. Covering seeds on the soil surface with clippings from grass turf sprayed with paraquat greatly reduced germination. About half of those that germinated either died later or were severely chlorotic. Covering seeds on the surface of the soil with clippings from turf that had been sprayed with glyphosate did not significantly reduce the number of seedlings established.

scholarly journals Population Dynamics of Phialophora gregata in Soybean Residue

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Adee ◽  
C. R. Grau ◽  
E. S. Oplinger
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Surface Residue ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Soybean Residue ◽  
Phialophora Gregata ◽  
No Till

Brown stem rot frequently is more severe in no-till cropping systems. Population density of Phialophora gregata was monitored in soybean residue positioned below and on the soil surface. Current season residue was confined in nylon mesh bags that were placed in the field in the fall. Population density of the pathogen was measured monthly through the winter, or seasonally for 30 months, and expressed as CFU per gram of soybean residue. Population dynamics of P. gregata differed in surface residue, compared with buried residue. Population density of P. gregata was not significantly different in buried and surface residue from November/December to April. Beginning in late April or May, population density of P. gregata was significantly greater in surface residue than in buried residue. The population density of P. gregata in surface residue remained above 105 CFU per gram of residue after 30 months in the field. In contrast, the fungus was not detected in buried residue after 11 to 17 months. From November to May, the population destiny of P. gregata in surface residue increased more than 14 times the initial density. In contrast, the density of P. gregata in buried residue increased sixfold by April, then decreased to densities not significantly different from the initial population by May and June. Mass of buried residue decreased more rapidly than that of surface residue during April, May, and June. There was a positive correlation between residue weight and the population density of P. gregata in residue. P. gregata survived longer and at higher population densities in residue positioned on the soil surface (simulated no-till) than in buried residue (simulated conventional tillage). Although inoculum density of P. gregata remained high in surface residue, total inoculum declined because of loss of residue biomass.

scholarly journals Soil Management Affects Shoot and Root Growth, Nutrient Availability, and Water Uptake of Young Peach Trees

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Glenn ◽  
W.V. Welker
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Shoot And Root Growth ◽  
Peach Trees

We determined how differences in peach tree water use and shoot and root growth due to ground cover treatments are affected by tree response and soil conditions in the adjacent soil environment. Ground cover combinations of bare soil (BS), a killed K-31 tall fescue sod (KS), a living Poa trivialis sod (PT), and a living K-31 tall fescue sod (LS) were imposed on 50% of the soil surface in greenhouse studies. The ground cover on 50% of the soil surface influenced root and top growth of the peach trees [Prunus persica (L) Batsch], water use, and NO3-N levels in the opposing 50%, depending on the competitiveness of the cover crop (LS vs. PT and KS) and characteristics of the soil (BS vs. KS). Tree growth was allometrically related to root growth.

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