The effect of the growth hormone upon the brain and brain weight-body weight relations

1936 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Rubinstein
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
The Brain

Brain-to-body ratios and time of maturation of the mouse brain

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Abrupt Change ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
The Brain

Studies on the relationships of brain weight to body weight during development were conducted in 218 mice, and revealed three distinct phases. During the first phase, the ratios are relatively constant. The second phase of short duration is characterized by abrupt reductions. In the third phase, which is the most enduring, the ratios again assume more constant values. The abrupt change in the ratios took place around 14 days of age. It is suggested that the abrupt change in the ratio is, in general, an indicator of the maturation of the brain, because there are several other parameters which approach mature levels around the 15th day. A review of the data on other species supports this suggestion.

scholarly journals Effects of pyridoxine deficiency and dl-p-chlorophenylalanine administration to rats on 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline concentrations in brain and 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration in blood

1973 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemmige N. Bhagavan ◽  
David B. Coursin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Pyridoxine Deficiency ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
And Control ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
The Brain

Pyridoxine deficiency in post-weanling rats caused a marked decrease in body weight and a small but significant decrease in brain weight. Although the concentration of circulating 5-hydroxytryptamine was markedly decreased, the concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline in the brain were not affected. p-Chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis, decreased the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of brain to very low values in both the deficient and control animals, whereas the noradrenaline contents were not appreciably affected. The concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine in blood, the origin of which is primarily gastrointestinal, was decreased only in the controls but not in the deficient animals after p-chlorophenylalanine treatment. These results suggest that whereas l-tryptophan hydroxylase (EC 1.14.3.2) is rate-limiting in the brain as has been reported by others, the pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent enzyme 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) may be more important in the gastrointestinal tract in the regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis.

scholarly journals Histological study of the effects of aluminum chloride exposure on the brain of wistar rats female

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-s) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Hadjer Bekhedda ◽  
Norredine Menadi ◽  
Abbassia Demmouche ◽  
Abdelaziz Ghani ◽  
Hicham Mai
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Aluminium Chloride ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: Aluminum (Al) has the potential to be neurotoxic in human and animals, is present everywhere in the environment, many manufactured foods and medicines and is also added to drinking water for purification purposes and tooth paste cosmetic products They accumulate in living organisms and disrupt balances, and accumulate in the body biological systems, causing toxic effects (They may affect the nervous system, kidney, liver, respiratory or other functions). Nervous system is a vulnerable target for toxicants due to critical voltages which must be maintained in the cells and the all responses when voltages reach threshold levels. Objective This study aimed to expose the impact of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) on brain architecture. Methods: In our study, twenty healthy female rats were intraperitoneal administered of aluminum chloride (ALCL3) at 10 mg / kg body weight with consecutively for 15 day Result. The results showed a highly significant reduction in body weight (p<0.0001).  This is because aluminum has an anorectic effect contrariwise, there is no significant impact of aluminium exposure has been observed with respect to brain weight and relative brain weight respectively (p<0.912), (p<0.45). The histological study describes the alterations in the brain marked tissue necrosis and cytoplasmic vacuolations and karyopyknosis of neuronal cells of the brain. Conclusion; Aluminum is a toxic heavy metal and a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. It can alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain, severely affecting the functioning of the nervous system. Keywords: Toxicity, brain, Aluminium chloride, Rats female, necrosis.

INTRA-UTERINE UNDERNUTRITION AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-500
Author(s):  
H. Peter Chase ◽  
Carol S. Dabiere ◽  
N. Noreen Welch ◽  
Donough O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Maternal Malnutrition ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Brain

The guinea pig, like the human, initiates the period of rapid brain growth in utero and thus provides a model for measuring the effects of maternal malnutrition on intra-uterine brain growth. In these studies the newborn of undernourished guinea pig mothers showed significant reductions in body weight and brain weight, cellularity, protein, cholesterol, cerebroside, and sulfatide contents. The reductions in wet brain weight and protein content were significant for cerebellum but not for cerebrum. Animals undernourished in utero and fed normally after birth showed normal whole brain weight, cerebroside and sulfatide contents, and normal cerebrum cellularity by adulthood. However, the type of cells increasing in the cerebrum during postnatal rehabilitation is unknown. Wet weight and cellularity were still diminished by 22% and 17%, respectively, in the adult cerebella. The results suggest that adequate postnatal nutrition will offset some, though not all of the brain biochemical changes resulting from fetal undernutrition.

The growth of different organs of normal and dwarfed Snell mice, before and during growth hormone therapy

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia van Buul-Offers ◽  
Jan Leo Van den Brande ◽  
L. Dumoleijn ◽  
A. M. Korteland-van Male ◽  
P. L. M. van de Klundert
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Growth Hormone Therapy ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Quadriceps Femoris ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Glands ◽  
The Brain

Abstract. This study was performed in order to obtain more insight in the relationship between the growth of different organs of normal Snell mice and their dwarfed littermates before and during growth hormone therapy. Beside body weight the weights of the following organs were studied: liver, kidneys, heart, the muscles quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius, submandibular salivary glands, testes, epididymal fatpads, thymus, spleen and skinfold thickness. The data show that, similar to body weight, growth of these organs in dwarf mice is arrested at approximately 2½ weeks of age, after which little further growth occurs, leaving their absolute weight far below normal. Related to body weight the liver is close to normal, lower values are obtained for the heart and very low ones for the kidneys, the lymphoid organs, thymus and spleen, and the epididymal fatpads. At two weeks of age the weight of the brain is only slightly less than normal, but gradually stays behind until it is only 2/3 of normal at the age of 17 weeks. Due to the small weight of the dwarfs the contribution to body weight of the brain is higher than normal. Growth hormone, after 4 weeks of treatment, had induced significant growth of all organs studied, except for the testes and the thickness of the skinfold. After 10 weeks of treatment all organ weights were significantly increased. Growth was most marked in the lymphoid organs, spleen and thymus, and the epididymal fatpads (155–173% of controls). The submandibular salivary glands and the testes increased more than body weight (respectively 141 and 136% vs. 123%). Increase proportional to body weight was found for the muscles quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius, heart, liver and kidneys. In contrast, increase of the brain (106%) and skinfold (111%) was much lower.

Single and repeated testing of growth hormone secretory capacity in hypopituitarism using growth hormone releasing factor

1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (4_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S118-S122 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. BUTENANDT ◽  
M. EMMLINGER ◽  
H. DOERR
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Plasma Growth Hormone ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Secretory Capacity

Abstract 38 patients with proven growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and 19 children with familial short stature received an iv GRF-bolus injection of 1 ug/kg body weight. Whereas in all control children plasma growth hormone rose significantly (mean of maximal values 36 ng/ml), only 7 out of 38 patients with GHD reached peak values of 8 ng/ml or more. GRF-priming by 1 ug GRF/kg BW given once daily s.c. for 5 days in 19 patients improved the response of the pituitary gland in 11. Thus, following the first GRF test, only 21 % of patients demonstrated function of the pituitary gland whereas 45 % did so when all test results are combined. To evaluate the pituitary function in patients with GHD correctly, GRF tests following a GRF priming period seems to be necessary to reactivate atrophic somatotropic cells of the pituitary gland.

Apparent Higher Brain Weight in Suicide Victims: Possible Reasons

2002 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 236-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jože Balažic ◽  
Andrej Marušič
Keyword(s):  
Postmortem Examination ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Suicide Methods ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
The Brain

In 2000 we tested previously reported findings by Salib and Tadros that brain weight of fatal self-harm victims is higher than of those who died of natural causes. Our results were based on data from 15 suicides and 15 deaths of other causes. Data included matching variables of age, sex, time between death and postmortem examination, and temperature of the surrounding environment. The exploratory variables were brain weight and method of death. No significant difference was found between the brain weights of suicides and others. On the other hand, some differences were obtained for different suicide methods, which also differed in the temperature of the environment, this being lower for the group of suicides that occurred outdoors (around or below 0°C). Once we excluded all the outdoor cases and controls, a significantly higher brain weight was obtained for suicide cases. These and previous results are intriguing and require explanation. Respirator brain syndrome as described by Moseley, Molinari, and Walker in 1976 may provide only a partial explanation. Another possible suggestion is that higher brain weight in suicide victims may be related to previously demonstrated increased amygdala blood flow and subsequent amygdala enlargement due to the increased processing of emotional information.

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