Psychophysiological adjustment to formal education varies as a function of peer status and socioeconomic status in children beginning kindergarten

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Wright ◽  
Luz Stella Lopez ◽  
Gina Camargo ◽  
William M. Bukowski
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Peer Status

scholarly journals Impact of Socioeconomic Status and Race on Sepsis Epidemiology and Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emi Minejima ◽  
Annie Wong-Beringer
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Poor Health Literacy ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Background Socioeconomic status (SES) is a complex variable that is derived primarily from an individual’s education, income, and occupation and has been found to be inversely related to outcomes of health conditions. Sepsis is the sixth most common admitting diagnosis and one of the most costly conditions for in-hospital spending in the United States. The objective of this review is to report on the relationship between SES and sepsis incidence and associated outcomes. Content Sepsis epidemiology varies when explored by race, education, geographic location, income, and insurance status. Sepsis incidence was significantly increased in individuals of Black race compared with non-Hispanic white race; in persons who have less formal education, who lack insurance, and who have low income; and in certain US regions. People with low SES are likely to have onset of sepsis significantly earlier in life and to have poorly controlled comorbidities compared with those with higher SES. Sepsis mortality and hospital readmission is increased in individuals who lack insurance, who reside in low-income or medically underserved areas, who live far from healthcare, and who lack higher level education; however, a person’s race was not consistently found to increase mortality. Summary Interventions to minimize healthcare disparity for individuals with low SES should target sepsis prevention with increasing measures for preventive care for chronic conditions. Significant barriers described for access to care by people with low SES include cost, transportation, poor health literacy, and lack of a social network. Future studies should include polysocial risk scores that are consistently defined to allow for meaningful comparison across studies.

scholarly journals Clustering of hypertension, diabetes and overweight/obesity according to socioeconomic status among Bangladeshi adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Gulam Muhammed Al Kibria ◽  
Mohammad Rashidul Hashan ◽  
Md Mahbub Hossain ◽  
Sojib Bin Zaman ◽  
Christina A. Stennett
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle Interventions ◽  
Fasting Plasma Glucose Concentration

Abstract The prevalences of hypertension, diabetes and overweight/obesity are increasing in most developing countries, including Bangladesh. Although earlier studies have investigated the factors associated with these three conditions, little is known about whether socioeconomic status is associated with their co-existence. This cross-sectional study analysed data from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. An individual was considered hypertensive, diabetic and overweight/obese if their systolic/diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose concentration, and body mass index were ≥130/80 mmHg, ≥7 mmol/l and ≥23 kg/m2, respectively. Furthermore, individuals who reported taking anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic drugs were also considered as hypertensive and diabetic, respectively. Two socioeconomic variables were investigated: education level and household wealth quintile. Descriptive analyses and multilevel logistic regression were conducted. Among the 7932 respondents (50.5% female) aged ≥35 years, the prevalences of hypertension, diabetes, overweight/obesity, any one condition and the co-existence of the three conditions were 48.0%, 11.0%, 25.3%, 60.9% and 3.6%, respectively. In adjusted analysis, individuals with secondary (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–2.8) and college or above (AOR: 3.6; 95% CI: 2.2–5.7) education levels had higher odds of the co-existence of all three conditions compared with those with no formal education. Similarly, compared with the poorest wealth quintile, the richer (AOR: 4.6; 95% CI: 2.2–9.4) and richest (AOR: 11.8; 95% CI: 5.8–24.1) wealth quintiles had higher odds of co-existence of these three conditions. Education and wealth quintile also showed significant relationships with each of the three conditions separately. In conclusion, in Bangladesh, hypertension, diabetes and overweight/obesity are associated with indicators of higher socioeconomic status. These findings highlight the importance of developing healthy lifestyle interventions (e.g. physical exercise and dietary modification) targeting individuals of higher socioeconomic status to minimize the burden of these non-communicable diseases.

scholarly journals Maternal hemoglobin: socio-demographic and obstetric determinants in rural Central India

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1179
Author(s):  
Surekha Tayade ◽  
Ritu Singh ◽  
Jaya Kore ◽  
Neha Gangane ◽  
Noopur Singh
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Central India ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Maternal Anemia is a global health problem with adverse implications on materno-fetal outcome. Various socio-demographic and obstetric factors affect prevalence of anemia.Methods: A hospital based, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out among pregnant women seeking antenatal care at Kasturba Hospital of MGIMS, Sewagram, a rural tertiary care institute in central India. Information was collected about demographic variables, age, gravidity, parity, literacy, area of residence and socioeconomic status. Hemoglobin levels in first trimester and pre delivery were measured by coulter and correlated with socio-demographic and obstetric factors.Results: Among 500 pregnant women of first trimester, 249 (49.8%) had anemia, 154 (30.8%) mild, 86 (17.2%) moderate and 9 (1.8%) severe anemia. More women with anemia were of lesser age, resided in rural area, belonged to middle and lower economic class, lived with joint families and had less than 12 years of formal education.Conclusions: Anemia is prevalent in pregnant women in this geographic region of central India. Age, higher gravidity, higher parity, rural residence, low socioeconomic status and less than 12 years of formal education, are risk factors. Appropriate age at marriage, small family norm, education of girl child, anemia prevention strategy in adolescent girls and financial empowerment of women are suggested strategies for prevention of anemia and improved maternofetal outcome.

scholarly journals Formal Education, Socioeconomic Status, and the Severity of Aphasia After Stroke

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 1809-1813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlís González-Fernández ◽  
Cameron Davis ◽  
John J. Molitoris ◽  
Melissa Newhart ◽  
Richard Leigh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Formal Education

scholarly journals Relationship between socioeconomic status and HIV infection: findings from a survey in the Free State and Western Cape Provinces of South Africa

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e016232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Wekesa Bunyasi ◽  
David John Coetzee
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Free State ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age

BackgroundStudies have shown a mixed association between socioeconomic status (SES) and prevalent HIV infection across and within settings in sub-Saharan Africa. In general, the relationship between years of formal education and HIV infection changed from a positive to a negative association with maturity of the HIV epidemic. Our objective was to determine the association between SES and HIV in women of reproductive age in the Free State (FSP) and Western Cape Provinces (WCP) of South Africa (SA).Study designCross-sectional.SettingSA.MethodsWe conducted secondary analysis on 1906 women of reproductive age from a 2007 to 2008 survey that evaluated effectiveness of Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Programmes. SES was measured by household wealth quintiles, years of formal education and employment status. Our analysis principally used logistic regression for survey data.ResultsThere was a significant negative trend between prevalent HIV infection and wealth quintile in WCP (P<0.001) and FSP (P=0.025). In adjusted analysis, every additional year of formal education was associated with a 10% (adjusted OR (aOR) 0.90 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.96)) significant reduction in risk of prevalent HIV infection in WCP but no significant association was observed in FSP (aOR 0.99; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.11). There was no significant association between employment and prevalent HIV in each province: (aOR 1.54; 95% CI 0.84 to 2.84) in WCP and (aOR 0.96; 95% CI 0.71 to 1.30) in FSP.ConclusionThe association between HIV infection and SES differed by province and by measure of SES and underscores the disproportionately higher burden of prevalent HIV infection among poorer and lowly educated women. Our findings suggest the need for re-evaluation of whether current HIV prevention efforts meet needs of the least educated (in WCP) and the poorest women (both WCP and FSP), and point to the need to investigate additional or tailored strategies for these women.

scholarly journals Gender, Education and Socioeconomic Status: Economic Theories, Credentialism and Beyond

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Jean Mckenzie Leiper
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Human Capital Theory ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
High Skill

Human capital theory, market signalling theory and credentialism are explored as ways of explaining the relationship between formal education and socioeconomic status. For both men and women, years of schooling and diplomas or degrees help to ensure access to high-skill jobs which carry high socioeconomic status. The market signalling approach is relevant for men because skills, are positively associated with socioeconomic status: employers value diplomas and degrees if they indicate that employees bring high skill levels to the labour market. The market signalling approach is not confirmed for women in this study. Some economists suggest that human capital theory is limited because it assumes women make voluntary choices to limit their education and job experience in favour of family responsibilities. Credentialism, by discounting the importance of skills acquired in school, ignores the issue of gender-based power differences that are related to skills. New theories are needed to address the issues of work and family commitments for both women and men.

scholarly journals Associations between socioeconomic status and blood cadmium levels in Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. e2019018
Author(s):  
Yongho Jee ◽  
Sung-il Cho
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urinary Cotinine ◽  
Blood Cadmium ◽  
Strong Negative Association

OBJECTIVES: Although smoking is associated with both low socioeconomic status and blood cadmium (Cd) levels, the association between socioeconomic status and Cd levels remains unclear. Therefore, our study aimed to examine this association and to clarify whether smoking is a confounding or mediating variable in this relationship.METHODS: Data (n=7,734) were drawn from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008- 2011), including years that contained data on blood Cd and urinary cotinine levels. We investigated the associations of income, education, and occupation with blood Cd levels. Smoking was investigated by categorizing participants by smoking status (never, former, and current) and pack-years into quartiles. The weekly frequency of rice and barley intake was analyzed to gain insights into participants’ dietary patterns. Additionally, urinary cotinine levels were used to ensure the validity of the smoking variables.RESULTS: Participants earning a low income and with less formal education had higher blood Cd levels. After controlling for smoking, the association between income and Cd levels substantially weakened. Further controlling for education, the association between income and Cd levels disappeared. However, there was a strong negative association between education and Cd levels, even after controlling for smoking history, pack-years, and urinary cotinine levels.CONCLUSIONS: In cross-sectional data from the KNHANES, blood Cd levels were significantly higher among those with a low income and less formal education. Smoking history contributed to, but did not fully explain, these associations.

scholarly journals Domestic Workers and the Employer-Employee Relationship in Delhi

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Pramberger
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Domestic Labor ◽  
Employee Relationship ◽  
Lower Castes ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

There are currently approximately four to five million domestic workers in India today. Most of these workers are women and migrants of lower castes or socioeconomic status and lack formal education. Domestic workers are not guaranteed social security, welfare, or basic rights in the workplace in India because domestic labor is part of the unorganized and therefore unregulated sector of industry. Workers make little money and are often overworked, abused, malnourished, and suffer psychologically in the workplace. The employer-employee relationship is critical to understanding the workplace environment, and control of the relationship can make it more or less professional, either benefiting or hurting workers. Two interviews with advocates for domestic workers from Nirmana, an NGO in Delhi, and five interviews with female employers of domestic workers in Delhi were conducted over Whatsapp. Employers often referred to their employees as family members, did favors for them, and understood some of their daily struggles while receiving emotional support. Blame for poor conditions was placed externally of the workplace, especially when applied to salary rates; employers claimed feeling helpless to improve conditions. Although the employers do speak about and in some ways care about domestic workers as family, they likely function at a level of dissonance, both being partially aware of and benefiting from the same system that oppresses their workers.

scholarly journals Education in Out-Of-School Forms for Children – to Change Thinking About the Future

2016 ◽  
pp. 227-236
Author(s):  
Michalina Kasprzak
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Young People ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
The Future ◽  
Out Of School

Non-formal education is undervalued nowadays. The importance of education establishments is greater for children and young people who come from families with a lower socioeconomic status. In this paper I would like to present the potential and possible changes of Free Educational Centres for children with a lower socioeconomic status. Children using additional educational institutions free of charge can get the chance for a better future.

The Prospective Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Falls Among Community-Dwelling Older Men

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saman Khalatbari-Soltani ◽  
Fiona Stanaway ◽  
Cathie Sherrington ◽  
Fiona M Blyth ◽  
Vasi Naganathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Occupational Position ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Prospective Association

Abstract Background Socioeconomic status (SES) has been suggested as a risk factor for falls but the few prospective studies to test this have had mixed results. We evaluated the prospective association between SES and falls in the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project (CHAMP). Methods CHAMP is a population-based prospective cohort study of men aged ≥70 years in Sydney, Australia. Incident falls were ascertained by triannual telephone calls for up to 4 years. SES was assessed with 4 indicators (education, occupation, source of income, home ownership) and cumulative SES score. We tested for interaction between SES indicators and country of birth and conducted stratified analyses. Results We evaluated 1624 men (mean age: 77.3 ± 5.4 years). During a mean ± SD follow-up of 42.6 ± 8.7 months, 766 (47%) participants reported ≥1 incident falls. In nonstratified analyses, there were no associations between SES indicators and falls. In stratified analyses, falls rates were higher among Australian-born men with less formal education (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16–2.37, compared with those with more education) and those with low occupational position (1.45; 1.09–1.93). However, among men born in non-main English-speaking countries the rate of falls was lower among those with low educational level and no associations were evident for occupational position. Conclusions Lower educational level and occupational position predicted a higher falls rate in Australian-born men; the opposite relationship was evident for educational level among migrants born in non-main English-speaking countries. Further studies should test these relationships in different populations and settings and evaluate targeted interventions.

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