Fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid isomer profiles in human milk fat

This study investigated the evolution of trans-9 trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from cis-9 trans-11 CLA during methylation and its avoidance through a rapid base methylation of milk fat. The study examined three conditions shown to result in loss of cis-9 trans-11 CLA during methylation namely: temperature, methylation time, water contamination in old reagents and acidic conditions. Three techniques currently used for the conversion of milk fat into fatty acid methyl esters for analysis of CLA content by gas liquid chromatography and a fourth procedure designed to eliminate acidic conditions and to limit methylation temperature and time were used. The four methods were: (i) acidic methylation (AM); (ii) acidic and basic bimethylation with fresh reagents (FBM); (iii) acidic and basic bimethylation with pre-prepared reagents (PBM) and (iv) basic methylation (BM). Each regime was carried out on six milk samples over two periods and methylated 1 ml freeze-dried milk (n=12 per regime). Total CLA was not different across methylation regimes (0·30 mg/ml). Isomer cis-9 trans-11 was higher (P<0·01) with BM than the other regimes and lowest with AM: 21·2, 17·8, 18·8 and 14·7 mg/100 ml for BM, FBM, PBM and AM, respectively. The inverse relationship was shown for trans-9 trans-11 with higher (P<0·001) amounts with AM than the other regimes and lowest with BM: 0·57, 2·55, 2·36 and 3·69 mg/100 ml for BM, FBM, PBM and AM, respectively. The trans-10 cis-12 isomer was also shown to alter with methylation procedure being higher (P<0·001) with AM than the other regimes: 0·43, 0·47, 0·29 and 1·20 mg/100 ml for BM, FBM, PBM and AM, respectively. Validation with known CLA free fatty acid and triacylglycerol standards confirmed that AM resulted in conversion of cis-9 trans-11 to trans-9 trans-11, and also elevated trans-10 cis-12 whilst BM of triacylglycerol CLA did not isomerise cis-9 trans-11 and was comparable to FBM.

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Diet supplementation with the cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid isomer affects the size of adipocytes in Wistar rats

Nutrition Research ◽

10.1016/j.nutres.2008.04.002 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 480-486 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Paula A. Lopes ◽

Susana V. Martins ◽

Mário S. Pinho ◽

Cristina M. Alfaia ◽

Carlos M.G.A. Fontes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer ◽

Linoleic Acid Isomer ◽

Diet Supplementation

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Rumenic acid: A proposed common name for the major conjugated linoleic acid isomer found in natural products

Lipids ◽

10.1007/s11745-998-0279-6 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (8) ◽

pp. 835-835 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

John K. G. Kramer ◽

Peter W. Parodi ◽

Robert G. Jensen ◽

Magdi M. Mossoba ◽

Martin P. Yurawecz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Products ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer ◽

Linoleic Acid Isomer

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Dietary Purified cis-9,trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer Has Anticarcinogenic Properties in Chemically Induced MammaryTumors in Rats

Nutrition and Cancer ◽

10.1207/s15327914nc4502_08 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 190-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Flore Lavillonniere ◽

Veronique Chajes ◽

Jean-Charles Martin ◽

Jean-Louis Sebedio ◽

Claude Lhuillery ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer ◽

Linoleic Acid Isomer ◽

Chemically Induced

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trans 10, cis 12, but Not cis 9, trans 11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer Enhances Exercise Endurance by Increasing Oxidative Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type via Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling in Mice

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06280 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chen Duan ◽

Cong Yin ◽

Zewei Ma ◽

Fan Li ◽

Fenglin Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Fiber Type ◽

Skeletal Muscle Fiber ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer ◽

Toll Like Receptor ◽

Toll Like Receptor 4 ◽

Linoleic Acid Isomer ◽

Exercise Endurance

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Lipid Profile, Lipase Bioactivity, and Lipophilic Antioxidant Content in High Pressure Processed Donor Human Milk

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11091972 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1972 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Wesolowska ◽

Brys ◽

Barbarska ◽

Strom ◽

Szymanska-Majchrzak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

High Pressure ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Human Milk ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Induction Time ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Human Milk Fat

Human milk fat plays an essential role as the source of energy and cell function regulator; therefore, the preservation of unique human milk donors’ lipid composition is of fundamental importance. To compare the effects of high pressure processing (HPP) and holder pasteurization on lipidome, human milk was processed at 62.5 °C for 30 min and at five variants of HPP from 450 MPa to 600 MPa, respectively. Lipase activity was estimated with QuantiChrom™ assay. Fatty acid composition was determined with the gas chromatographic technique, and free fatty acids content by titration with 0.1 M KOH. The positional distribution of fatty acid in triacylglycerols was performed. The oxidative induction time was obtained from the pressure differential scanning calorimetry. Carotenoids in human milk were measured by liquid chromatography. Bile salt stimulated lipase was completely eliminated by holder pasteurization, decreased at 600 MPa, and remained intact at 200 + 400 MPa; 450 MPa. The fatty acid composition and structure of human milk fat triacylglycerols were unchanged. The lipids of human milk after holder pasteurization had the lowest content of free fatty acids and the shortest induction time compared with samples after HPP. HPP slightly changed the β-carotene and lycopene levels, whereas the lutein level was decreased by 40.0% up to 60.2%, compared with 15.8% after the holder pasteurization.

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Dietary effect on bovine milk fat conjugated linoleic acid content

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s1463981500040875 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 283-293

Author(s):

F. Lawless ◽

J.J. Murphy ◽

S. Fitzgerald ◽

B. O’Brien ◽

R. Devery ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Linoleic Acid Content ◽

Grass Growth

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11-C18:2; CLA) in milk arises as a result of microbial biohydrogenation of dietary linoleic and linolenic acids in the rumen (Kepler and Tove, 1967). Milk fat CLA concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) higher when cows were fed silage supplemented with pulp’n brew (a mixture of brewers grains, a by-product of the brewing industry, and sugar beet pulp in dry matter proportions of 0.65:0.35), compared with silage alone (Trial 1). Intake of spring grass resulted in a 2.1–fold increase in milk fat CLA concentrations over cows receiving autumn grass. Throughout lactation in Trial 2, spring calving cows produced higher milk fat CLA concentrations (from 0.5-2.7 g/100 g fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)) than autumn calving cows (0.3-1.7 g/100 g FAME); the former having spent 80% and the latter 50% of lactation on pasture. The CLA content was higher in late lactation milk compared with early lactation milk in both herds. There were no significant differences in milk yields or milk constituent yields between the herds. Manufacturing milk obtained between March and September was analyzed for milk fatty acid composition and the data correlated with grass growth throughout the season. Significant positive correlations were obtained between grass growth rates and concentrations of CLA and linolenic acid in milk fat. The data indicate that seasonal variation in milk fat CLA concentrations may be attributed to variation in pasture growth rates.

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Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces milk fat content and lipogenic gene expression in the mammary gland of sows without altering litter performance

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519003325 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 123 (6) ◽

pp. 610-618 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. C. Sandri ◽

K. J. Harvatine ◽

D. E. Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Fat Content ◽

Lipogenic Gene ◽

Lipogenic Genes ◽

Lipogenic Gene Expression

AbstractTrans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) decreases milk fat synthesis in lactating sows and involves, at least in part, the down-regulation of lipogenic genes. The objective was to evaluate the effect of CLA on milk composition and lipogenic gene expression. Twenty multiparous sows were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments for 18 d (from day 7 to day 25 of lactation): (1) control (no CLA added) and (2) 1 % of CLA mixed into the ration. CLA treatment decreased milk fat and protein content by 20 % (P = 0·004) and 11 % (P = 0·0001), respectively. However, piglet weight did not differ between treatments (P = 0·60). Dietary CLA increased the concentration of SFA in milk fat by 16 % (P < 0·0001) and decreased MUFA by 17·6 % (P < 0·0001). In the mammary gland, CLA reduced gene expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-α by 37 % (P = 0·003), fatty acid synthase by 64 % (P = 0·002), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 by 52 % (P = 0·003), lipoprotein lipase by 26 % (P = 0·03), acyl glycerol phosphate acyltransferase 6 by 15 % (P = 0·02) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 by 27 % (P = 0·02), whereas the expression of fatty acid binding protein 3 was not altered by CLA treatment (P = 0·09). Mammary expression of casein-β and α-lactalbumin was reduced by CLA by 68 % (P = 0·0004) and 62 % (P = 0·005), respectively. Additionally, CLA had no effect on the expression of lipogenic genes evaluated in adipose tissue. In summary, CLA reduced milk fat content without negatively affecting litter performance and it affected mammary expression of genes involved in all lipogenic pathways studied.

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