Notes on the Contamination of a Drinking and Railroad Water Supply by Sea Water and the Removal of the Salt Water from the Reservoir

Reclaimed lakes (surface ≥3 m below sea level) in a coastal plain with formerly more or less stagnant flow conditions, act as huge groundwater discharge areas and convert the bordering land into groundwater recharge zones. The main consequences are: (1) the infiltration of fresh polder and river-Rhine water, both of poor quality; (2) the moving in of fresh groundwater of excellent quality, from relatively remote sandy recharge areas like the coastal dunes and Pleistocene uplands; (3) the encroachment of salt North Sea water along the west coast; and (4) the bleeding-out of relict brackish to salt water. The sluggish change in the spatial distribution of water types, leads to new possibilities of groundwater pumping for public water supply in and around the deep polders, in future. The chemical consequences are discussed. Salinization hazards for well fields in the coastal dunes and Pleistocene uplands may increase.

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Investigational Studies on Quantity of Salinity in Netravati River Estuary Sand-Coastal Karnataka

International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology ◽

10.23956/ijermt.v6i6.243 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 46

Author(s):

Raveesha P ◽

K. E. Prakash ◽

B. T. Suresh Babu

Keyword(s):

Brackish Water ◽

Sea Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Construction Material ◽

Salt Content ◽

River Estuary ◽

Sand Sample ◽

River Sand ◽

Natural Aggregates

The salt water mixes with fresh water and forms brackish water. The brackish water contains some quantity of salt, but not equal to sea water. Salinity determines the geographic distribution of the number of marshes found in estuary. Hence salinity is a very important environmental factor in estuary system. Sand is one major natural aggregate, required in construction industry mainly for the manufacture of concrete. The availability of good river sand is reduced due to salinity. The quality of sand available from estuarine regions is adversely affected due to this reason. It is the responsibility of engineers to check the quality of sand and its strength parameters before using it for any construction purpose. Presence of salt content in natural aggregates or manufactured aggregates is the cause for corrosion in steel. In this study the amount of salinity present in estuary sand was determined. Three different methods were used to determine the salinity in different seasonal variations. The sand sample collected nearer to the sea was found to be high in salinity in all methods. It can be concluded that care should be taken before we use estuary sand as a construction material due to the presence of salinity.

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Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contents in Mudflat Solar Salt, Salt Water, and Sea Water in the Nationwide Salt Pan

Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition ◽

10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.7.1014 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 41 (7) ◽

pp. 1014-1019 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hag-Lyeol Kim ◽

Young-Joo Yoo ◽

In-Sun Lee ◽

Gang-Hee Ko ◽

In-Cheol Kim

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Sea Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Solar Salt ◽

Metal Contents ◽

Salt Pan

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Studies on Salt and Water Balance in Caddis Larvae (Trichoptera)

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.38.3.521 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 521-530 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. W. SUTCLIFFE

Keyword(s):

Sea Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Malpighian Tubule ◽

Sodium Concentration ◽

Fluid Composition ◽

Chloride Level ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Water Media ◽

Salt And Water Balance

1. Survival and regulation in sea-water media was studied in the freshwater caddises Limnephilus stigma and Anabolia nervosa. 2. The majority of larvae did not survive for more than a few days at external salt concentrations greater than about 6o mM./l. NaCl. 3. In sea-water media the haemolymph osmotic pressure increased to remain slightly hyper-osmotic to the medium. The haemolymph sodium level also increased to remain slightly hypertonic to the medium, but the chloride level was maintained hypotonic until just prior to death of the larvae. 4. When the haemolymph chloride concentration was raised above the normal level, the Malpighian tubule-rectal system elaborated fluid in which the chloride concentration was hypertonic to the haemolymph. The system is highly sensitive to changes in the haemolymph chloride level. 5. The regulation of body-fluid composition in the freshwater caddises is compared with that found previously in the euryhaline larvae of Limnephilus affinis. It is suggested that the maintenance of a low haemolymph sodium concentration in L. affinis larvae is an important part of the adaptation for survival in salt water.

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Sea Water Intrusion Monitoring on the Sendangbiru of the Southern Malang Coastal Area based on Geoelectrical Resistivity Data

Disaster Advances ◽

10.25303/149da4348 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 43-48

Author(s):

Sunaryo .

Keyword(s):

Data Acquisition ◽

Cross Section ◽

Seawater Intrusion ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Sea Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Sea Water Intrusion ◽

Electrical Sounding ◽

Geoelectrical Resistivity ◽

Intrusion Layer

The study was conducted with the objective to distinguish the presence of seawater intrusion layer or salt-water aquifer distribution along the data acquisition line at the locations. Data acquisition was conducted by using the Wenner-Schumberger configuration of geoelectrical resistivity. From this research, 4 lines and 4 points of vertical electrical sounding (VES) data for every line were obtained with the distance between electrode a as 10m. Based on the data processing, obtained depth up to 120m with the smallest resistivity value is 0.02Ωm and the largest is 6764.52Ωm. To make the distribution of resistivity values along the path line of the study, cross sections were made until a depth of 120m. Based on the cross-section, the low resistivity value (less than 1.5 Ωm) that interpreted as a seawater intrusion layer or salt water aquifer distribution is located at varying depths. There are intrusions for the SB1 cross section, there is an intrusion at a depth of 6m-7m as far as 10m, at a depth of 6m-8m as far as 10m for the SB2 cross section and at a depth of 22m - 26m as far as 25m for the SB3 cross section.

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photonic cloning of seas and oceans

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2114/1/012019 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2114 (1) ◽

pp. 012019

Author(s):

Adi Al A’assam ◽

M.W. Ahamd

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Water Cycle ◽

Salt Water ◽

The Sun ◽

Evaporation Process ◽

Natural Cycle ◽

Ocean Water ◽

Total Water ◽

Detailed Explanation ◽

Rivers And Lakes

Abstract When studying the water reality and calculating the increase in the quantities of water per year, we find that there is another way to increase the percentage of water, and that is through optical reproduction. For a detailed explanation of the location of water on Earth, see the map and the data table shown below. Note that the world’s add up to water supply is almost 1.387 million cubic kilometers (332.6 cubic miles) of wate, of which more than 96% is salt water. As for fresh water, more than 96% are trapped by rivers and glaciers, and 30% are on the ground. As for the freshwater resources represented in rivers and lakes, they constitute about 93,100 cubic kilometers (22,300 cubic miles), which is about 1/150 of 1% of the total water. Rivers and lakes still make up most of the water sources that people use daily. The amount of water stored in the oceans for long periods is much more than that which moves through the water cycle. The total water supply worldwide is 1,386,000,000 cubic kilometers (321,000,000 cubic miles), of which 1,338,0, 000 cubic kilometers (332,500,000 cubic miles) are stored in the oceans at a rate of 95%, as the oceans give almost 90% of the water. Dissipated that goes to the water cycle. The photonic cloning resulting by the sun contributes to the consistency of water level. Indeed, the consistency of ocean water depends not only on the natural cycle of evaporation process of those waters to return to the oceans again, but also on the photonic cloning resulting by the sun, as experiment has vividly shown.

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Research solutions technical - water technology to reduce the water loss for water supply system of Hochiminh city

Science and Technology Development Journal ◽

10.32508/stdj.v16i1.1387 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 49-57

Author(s):

Tuan Anh Vo

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Water Loss ◽

Salt Water ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Water Treatment Plant ◽

Supply System ◽

Water Supply System ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Pipe System ◽

Pipe Line

The HCMC water supply system have built from the French Colonial period, and developed without planning and systematic study during the war time. In the beginning, this system used for the small town Saigon- Gia Dinh. Today, the capacity of water supply system is 1,85 million m3/day and will increase up to 2,5 million in next few year and up to 4-5 million m3/day according with the HCMC water supply system planning approved by Government. The climate change issues, salt water lever increase, polution... affect directly into the raw water resource of the existing and future water treatment plant. Beside that, the big size water supply transmission pipe line and the distribution water supply system of 06 hydrolique zone in HCMC damaged according with time : bad quality and No- update information of pipe system… It bring the real water loss level in HCMC so high up to 40% - 50% .The acceptable technologies & techniques solution to find the leak, optimal management for the water supply system to reduce the water loss is extremely essential, to support the clean water resources for the sustainable development of the HCM City.

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Reclaiming land flooded with salt water.

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v1i4.17860 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 225-244

Author(s):

C.W.C. Beekom

Keyword(s):

Salt Concentration ◽

Sea Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Active Growth ◽

Warm Weather ◽

Different Types ◽

Spring Sowing

The effect of sea floods on grassland is described and recommendations are made for the restoration of inundated grassland. Turf may be heavily damaged after +or- 4 weeks inundation with water containing more than 20 g. NaCl per 1. At lower salt concentrations Poa sp. and Trifolium repens are still badly damaged but other species, notably Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera and Alopecurus sp., are capable of immediate regrowth after drainage. If grassland remains submerged during spring, rising temperatures promote active growth of the grasses followed by rapid decay caused by lack of oxygen. L. perenne is especially sensitive to submergence in warm weather. The dominant weed communities which appear on land on which the turf has been destroyed by sea-water are described. Reseeding is recommended as the quickest method of restoring badly damaged turf. The flooded land should first be thoroughly drained and then repeatedly harrowed to produce a shallow seed-bed on which herbage mixtures can be sown without the application of gypsum. Given average weather conditions, normal permanent grassland mixtures can be sown at salt concentrations, measured in spring, of up to 8-10 g. NaCl per 1. of moisture in the 5-20 cm. soil layer. At a salt concentration of about 10 g. per 1. measured in spring, L. perenne tends to dominate over other species while Poa sp. and T. repens suffer during the summer. At a salt concentration of 10-15 g. per 1. in spring, Poa sp. and T. repens should be omitted from seed mixtures, instead mixtures consisting of different types of L. perenne, Festuca pratensis and Phleum pratense should be sown. When the salt concentration of the soil moisture is higher that 15 g. per 1. in spring, sowing should be delayed and the weeds checked by mowing or grazing. Temporary rises of the salt concentration in dry symmers to 25 g. per 1. are tolerated by L. perenne, F. pratensis and Ph. pratense; similar rises up to 15-18 g. per 1. are tolerated by Poa sp. and T. repens.-W.J.B. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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KEMISKINAN DI WILAYAH PEDESAAN NTB : STUDI KASUS WANITA PEMBUAT GARAM DI DUSUN MEDANG

Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.22146/agroekonomi.16808 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 65

Author(s):

Maryadi Maryadi

Keyword(s):

Sea Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Poverty Line ◽

Small Scale ◽

Salty Water ◽

Processing Material ◽

Home Industries ◽

Rural Industries ◽

Small Scale Industries

Role of women in development has been well-known. Women roles in rural area can be identified from their involvement in rural industries either agricultural home industries or other small-scale industries processing material taken from natural resources. One of such natural resource materials is sea water to be further processed as salts. Most of women in Medang Hamlet, Village of Sekotong Barat, Nusa Tenggara Barat Province work as salt makers. Instead of drying salty water by using sunshine, the salt farmers in Medang Hamlet use wood in heating the salt water. The study finds that the income earned from this activity is considerably low. Since there is no other source of income alternative for the women in this hamlet, making salt becomes the only job that can be done. The consequence is that the villagers in this area are still live under poverty line.

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Comparing methods to estimate chloride natural background levels to assess sea water intrusion

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-16210 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

David Pulido-Velazquez ◽

Leticia Baena-Ruiz ◽

Denitza Voutchkova ◽

Birgitte Hansen ◽

Klaus Hinsby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Water ◽

Anthropogenic Impacts ◽

Salt Water ◽

Salt Water Intrusion ◽

Natural Background ◽

Horizon 2020 ◽

Water Intrusion ◽

Background Levels ◽

Research And Innovation ◽

Perform Sensitivity Analysis

In order to assess the anthropogenic impacts on groundwater quality we generally need to identify the natural conditions or Natural background levels (NBLs) within groundwater systems, which are used as references to assess the evolution of the contamination status. This information, in addition to the threshold values (TVs), which are derived from NBLs and based on specific criteria values for legitimate water uses and the environment (terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems), is required to appropriately assess of the chemical status of groundwater in accordance with the European Water Framework Directive and to analyse and propose potential measures where they are required.In literature, different methodologies are available to assess NBLs and reference TVs for different geochemical substances based on the available measurements of groundwater salinity (e.g. based on probability plots). In this work we analyze and compare three previously proposed methods for derivation of chloride NBLs, which is a conservation solute and is closely related to salt water intrusion in inland and coastal aquifers. We discuss and compare their applicability in pilots located in different settings (southern /northern European / Mediteranean/ North Sea /Baltic Sea) covering different typologies (detrital, karstic, fissured aquifers) and management issues (overexploitation, land use and land cover changes, etc). We perform sensitivity analysis to different constraints applied to remove samples affected by human activity (Nitrate and the brackish saline constraints) in the assessment of NBLs. Finally, based on this analysis, we propose a general approach for derivation of NBLs that could be applied to any of the tested pilots as well as other similar settings in Europe.&#160;This research has been partially supported by the SIGLO-AN project (RTI2018-101397-B-I00) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Programa Estatal de I+D+I orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad).This work has been partially supported by the GeoE.171.008-TACTIC and GeoE.171.008-HOVER projects from GeoERA organization funded by European Union&#8217;s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program.

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