Cryptorchidism: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Potential Role of Environment; An Update

Abstract Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection can cause serious illness including haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The role of socio-economic status (SES) in differential clinical presentation and exposure to potential risk factors amongst STEC cases has not previously been reported in England. We conducted an observational study using a dataset of all STEC cases identified in England, 2010–2015. Odds ratios for clinical characteristics of cases and foodborne, waterborne and environmental risk factors were estimated using logistic regression, stratified by SES, adjusting for baseline demographic factors. Incidence was higher in the highest SES group compared to the lowest (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.19–2.00). Odds of Accident and Emergency attendance (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.10–1.75) and hospitalisation (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.36–2.15) because of illness were higher in the most disadvantaged compared to the least, suggesting potential lower ascertainment of milder cases or delayed care-seeking behaviour in disadvantaged groups. Advantaged individuals were significantly more likely to report salad/fruit/vegetable/herb consumption (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.16–2.17), non-UK or UK travel (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.40–2.27; OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.35–2.56) and environmental exposures (walking in a paddock, OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.22–2.70; soil contact, OR 1.52, 95% CI 2.13–1.09) suggesting other unmeasured risks, such as person-to-person transmission, could be more important in the most disadvantaged group.

Download Full-text

P111 - Incidence, risk factors and clinical course of gastrointestinal intolerance in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine: the role of TPMT

Journal of Crohn s and Colitis ◽

10.1016/s1873-9946(09)60138-0 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. S54-S55

Author(s):

G. Bastida ◽

A. Nevarez ◽

M. Aguas ◽

B. Beltran ◽

M. Iborra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Gastrointestinal Intolerance ◽

Incidence Risk ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

Download Full-text

Towards a Consensus on Alzheimer’s Disease Comorbidity?

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10194360 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (19) ◽

pp. 4360

Author(s):

Iska Avitan ◽

Yudit Halperin ◽

Trishna Saha ◽

Naamah Bloch ◽

Dana Atrahimovich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Heart Failure ◽

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Potential Role ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Degenerative Diseases ◽

Comorbid Diseases

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is often comorbid with other pathologies. First, we review shortly the diseases most associated with AD in the clinic. Then we query PubMed citations for the co-occurrence of AD with other diseases, using a list of 400 common pathologies. Significantly, AD is found to be associated with schizophrenia and psychosis, sleep insomnia and apnea, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, fibrillation, osteoporosis, arthritis, glaucoma, metabolic syndrome, pain, herpes, HIV, alcoholism, heart failure, migraine, pneumonia, dyslipidemia, COPD and asthma, hearing loss, and tobacco smoking. Trivially, AD is also found to be associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, which are disregarded. Notably, our predicted results are consistent with the previously published clinical data and correlate nicely with individual publications. Our results emphasize risk factors and promulgate diseases often associated with AD. Interestingly, the comorbid diseases are often degenerative diseases exacerbated by reactive oxygen species, thus underlining the potential role of antioxidants in the treatment of AD and comorbid diseases.

Download Full-text

The Exploration of Poor Ovarian Response–Related Risk Factors: A Potential Role of Growth Differentiation Factor 8 in Predicting Ovarian Response in IVF-ET Patient

Frontiers in Endocrinology ◽

10.3389/fendo.2021.708089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Long Bai ◽

Huihui Pan ◽

Yinjun Zhao ◽

Qingqing Chen ◽

Yu Xiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Potential Role ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Ovarian Response ◽

Poor Ovarian Response ◽

Aberrant Expression ◽

Differentiation Factor ◽

Ivf Et

Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) is the most common therapeutic protocol to obtain a considerable number of oocytes in IVF-ET cycles. To date, the risk factors affecting COH outcomes remain elusive. Growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF-8), a member of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, has been long discerned as a crucial growth factor in folliculogenesis, and the aberrant expression of GDF-8 is closely correlated with the reproductive diseases. However, less is known about the level of GDF-8 in IVF-ET patients with different ovarian response. In the present study, the potential risk factors correlated with ovarian response were explored using logistic regression analysis methods. Meanwhile, the expression changes of GDF-8 and its responsible cellular receptors in various ovarian response patients were determined. Our results showed that several factors were intensely related to poor ovarian response (POR), including aging, obesity, endometriosis, surgery history, and IVF treatment, while irregular menstrual cycles and PCOS contribute to hyperovarian response (HOR). Furthermore, POR patients exhibited a decrease in numbers of MII oocytes and available embryos, thereby manifesting a lower clinical pregnancy rate. The levels of GDF-8, ALK5, and ACVR2B in POR patients were higher compared with those in control groups, whereas the expression level of ACVR2A decreased in poor ovarian response patients. In addition, clinical correlation analysis results showed that the concentration of GDF-8 was negatively correlated with LH and estradiol concentration and antral follicle count. Collectively, our observations provide a novel insight of ovarian response–associated risk factors, highlighting the potential role of GDF-8 levels in ovarian response during COH process.

Download Full-text

The Role of MicroRNAs in Selected Forms of Glomerulonephritis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20205050 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (20) ◽

pp. 5050 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Magdalena Nalewajska ◽

Klaudia Gurazda ◽

Ewa Styczyńska-Kowalska ◽

Małgorzata Marchelek-Myśliwiec ◽

Andrzej Pawlik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Immune System ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

Potential Role ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Targeted Treatments ◽

Harmful Effects ◽

Insight Into

Glomerulonephritis (GN) represents a collection of kidney diseases characterized by inflammation within the renal glomeruli and small blood vessels. The lesions that occur in other nephron structures mainly result from the harmful effects of proteinuria. In recent years, an emphasis has been placed on gaining a better insight into the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of GN in order to facilitate diagnoses and provide efficient and targeted treatments of the disease. Owing to the advanced molecular and genetic diagnostic techniques available today, researchers have been able to elucidate that most cases of GN are determined by genetic risk factors and are associated with the abnormal functioning of the immune system (the immunologically mediated forms of GN). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of single-stranded, non-coding molecules, approximately 20 nucleotides in length, that act as regulatory factors in the post-transcriptional processes capable of regulating the expression of multiple genes. In this paper we present the available research aiming to determine effects of miRNAs on the development and progression of GN and discuss the potential role of miRNAs as new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.

Download Full-text