Idiographically Desirable Responding: Individual Differences in Perceived Trait Desirability Predict Overclaiming

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 580-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Ludeke ◽  
Yanna J. Weisberg ◽  
Colin G. Deyoung
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Peer Ratings ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Performance Based Assessment ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Peer Reports

Objective Conventional measures of self–report bias implicitly assume consistent patterns of overclaiming across individuals. We contrast this with the effects of individual differences in views of trait desirability on overclaiming, which we label idiographically desirable responding (IDR). Method We obtained self–reports and peer reports of trait levels on mixed–sex samples of undergraduates (N = 352) and middle–aged community members (N = 541), with an additional performance–based assessment in the latter sample. Results Compared to conventional measures of bias, individual differences in trait desirability ratings identified an independent and comparatively large amount of the variance in overclaiming for personality and physical attractiveness. The importance of IDR was confirmed by the replication of these results for intelligence, for which both peer–ratings and performance data were available. Individuals differed in the extent to which they rely on IDR, with these differences indexed by the correlation between views of the desirability of a given trait and the extent to which one overclaimed that trait. Individuals who were more prone to overclaim in this fashion exhibited higher self–esteem as well as higher scores on questionnaire measures of socially desirable responding. Conclusion Overclaiming of traits resulted both from the patterns of biases identified by conventional overclaiming measures and from individual differences in perceptions of what traits are most desirable. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Personality and Friendship Satisfaction in Daily Life: Do Everyday Social Interactions Account for Individual Differences in Friendship Satisfaction?

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Wilson ◽  
Kelci Harris ◽  
Simine Vazire
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Interpersonal Processes ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Friendship Satisfaction

Who are the people who maintain satisfying friendships? And, what are the behaviours that might explain why those people achieve high friendship satisfaction? We examined the associations between personality (self–reports and peer–reports) and friendship satisfaction (self–reports) among 434 students. We also examined whether role personality (how people act with their friends) and quantity and quality of social interactions using ecological momentary assessment mediate the associations between personality and friendship satisfaction. Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and (low) neuroticism were associated with higher levels of friendship satisfaction. These associations could not be accounted for by individual differences in role personality. In addition, our results suggest that quantity of time spent with friends and quality of friend interactions (depth of conversation, self–disclosure and lack of emotion suppression), although associated with friendship satisfaction, do not account for the associations between trait personality and friendship satisfaction. Future research should examine other potential interpersonal processes that explain why some people are more satisfied with their friendships than others and the consequences of friendship satisfaction (e.g. for well–being). Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Emotion Regulation in Everyday Life: Mapping Global Self-Reports to Daily Processes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Koval ◽  
Elise Katherine Kalokerinos ◽  
Katharine Helen Greenaway ◽  
Hayley Medland ◽  
Peter Kuppens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Strategy Selection ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sampling Studies ◽  
Self Reports

Recent theory outlines emotion regulation as a dynamic process occurring across several stages: (i) identifying the need to regulate, (ii) selecting a strategy, and (iii) implementing that strategy to change an emotional state. Despite its dynamic nature, emotion regulation is typically assessed using static global self-report questionnaires that ask people to reflect on their general use of certain strategies. While these global measures are typically assumed to assess stable individual differences in the selection stage of emotion regulation, this assumption has not been tested systematically. Moreover, it is unclear whether global self-report scales also capture processes relevant to the identification and implementation stages of emotion regulation. To address these issues, we examined how global self-report measures correspond with the three stages outlined in emotion regulation theory, modelled using repeated sampling of strategy use, and affective antecedents and consequences of strategy use in daily life. We analyzed data from nine daily diary and experience sampling studies (total N=1,097), in which participants reported their use of cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and rumination using both global questionnaires and daily life methods. Results across studies revealed weak-to moderate convergent correlations between global self-reports and individual differences in strategy selection in daily life, as well as some cross-strategy correlations. We also found some evidence that certain global self-reports capture identification and implementation processes. Taken together, our findings suggest that global self-reports do not only assess trait strategy selection, but may also reflect individual differences in identification and implementation of emotion regulation strategies in daily life.

scholarly journals More than meets the ear: Individual differences in trait and state willingness to communicate as predictors of language learning performance in a Chinese EFL context

2020 ◽  
pp. 136216882095193
Author(s):  
Jiayi Zhang ◽  
Nadin Beckmann ◽  
Jens F. Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Willingness To Communicate ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Communication Behaviour ◽  
English Classrooms ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
And Performance

Chinese students are frequently seen as passive learners because of their apparent reluctance to speak, particularly in English classrooms. However, this impression seems to reflect a stereotype which is likely to confound willingness to communicate (WTC) and communication behaviour. In this article we argue for more attention to be paid to individual differences to complement culture-related explanations of differences in WTC. Self-report data on WTC at both trait and state levels and personality characteristics were analysed in relation to L2 language learning performance in a sample of 103 university students. Individual differences in WTCL1 were found to be strongly related to extraversion; whilst individual differences in WTCL2 were associated with openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness, rather than extraversion. Moreover, this study differentiates state WTCL2 from communication behaviour, and provides evidence for both trait and state WTCL2 being important predictors of L2 learning performance despite being differently related to personality. Our results overall suggest that exclusively relying on observable communication behaviour is likely to overlook effective antecedences of learning and performance. This study pleads for a more differentiated perspective on WTC and its personality correlates at both trait and state levels. It provides further evidence that WTC is a useful construct in working towards a better understanding of language learning processes.

Los jóvenes se sumergen en Instagram. Un estudio desde la perspectiva de los usos y gratificaciones

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Rivas-Herrero ◽  
Juan-José Igartua
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Redes Sociales ◽  
Uses And Gratification ◽  
Search For Self

This research will analyse the use of Instagram from the perspective of uses and gratifications theory. The goal of the study was to know the motives for using Instagram and the role of individual differences in relation to the intrusion of Instagram (understood as an attachment and excessive participation in that social network). An online survey was carried out in which 401 people between 18 and 36 years old (73.1% women) residing in Spain who had an Instagram profile participated. The questionnaire contained several self-report scales to measure the motives for using Instagram, intrusion, and other individual differences measures (self-esteem, social comparison and envy). The results indicated that the main reasons for using Instagram were social interaction, creativity and documentation, and escape and self-promotion were the least relevant motives for our respondents. However, through a multiple linear regression analysis it was observed that the motives that predicted a greater intrusion of Instagram were the search for self-promotion and escape. Finally, it was observed that the orientation towards social comparison and self-esteem were associated with greater intrusion. Our study contributes to the literature on the study of social networks and, in particular, on the predictive factors that explain a more problematic use of Instagram, taking into account motivational variables and individual differences. In this way, our research clarifies the knowledge about the processes underlying the use of Instagram and introduces the concept of intrusion in uses and gratification research. Resumen La presente investigación analiza el uso de Instagram desde la perspectiva de la teoría de los usos y gratificaciones. El objetivo del estudio es conocer los motivos de uso de Instagram y el papel de las diferencias individuales en relación con la intrusión de Instagram (entendida como un apego y una participación excesiva en dicha red social). Para ello, se llevó a cabo una encuesta online en la que participaron 401 personas de entre 18 y 36 años (73,1% mujeres) residentes en España que disponían de perfil en Instagram. El cuestionario diseñado contenía varias escalas para medir los motivos de uso de Instagram, la intrusión y otras medidas de diferencias individuales (autoestima, comparación social y envidia). Los resultados indicaron que las principales razones para utilizar Instagram eran la interacción social, la creatividad y la documentación, siendo los motivos menos representados el escape y la autopromoción. Ahora bien, mediante un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple se observó que los motivos que predecían una mayor intrusión de Instagram eran la búsqueda de la autopromoción y el escape. Finalmente, se observó que la orientación a la comparación social y la autoestima se asociaban a una mayor intrusión. Nuestro estudio contribuye a la bibliografía sobre el estudio de las redes sociales y, en particular, sobre los factores predictores que explican un uso más problemático de Instagram teniendo en cuenta variables motivacionales y de diferencias individuales. De este modo, se esclarece el conocimiento sobre los procesos subyacentes al uso de Instagram y se introduce el concepto de intrusión en la investigación sobre los usos y gratificaciones de las redes sociales.

scholarly journals Pathological Personality Traits and Utilitarian Moral Judgments

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virgil Zeigler-Hill ◽  
Avi Besser ◽  
Sinead Cronin ◽  
Jennifer K. Vrabel
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Community Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pathological Personality Traits

Recent research has highlighted important individual differences in moral judgment. The present study extends these findings by examining the associations between pathological personality traits and utilitarian moral judgments. This was accomplished by asking 2,121 Israeli community members to complete self-report measures concerning their pathological personality traits and evaluate the acceptability of utilitarian moral judgments in various sacrificial dilemmas (is it acceptable to intentionally kill one person in order to save several other people?). The results showed that the pathological personality traits of antagonism and disinhibition were positively associated with the endorsement of personal utilitarian moral judgments (i.e., those decisions requiring the individual to directly inflict harm on the would-be sacrificed individual), whereas negative affectivity was negatively associated with personal utilitarian moral judgments. Antagonism was the only pathological personality trait associated with impersonal utilitarian moral judgments (i.e., those decisions that did not require the individual to directly inflict harm on the would-be sacrificed individual). Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for understanding the associations between pathological personality traits and moral judgments.

Genetic and environmental influences on sociopolitical attitudes

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Bell ◽  
Christian Kandler ◽  
Rainer Riemann
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Sociopolitical Attitudes ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Peer Reports

A new paradigm has emerged in which both genetic and environmental factors are cited as possible influences on sociopolitical attitudes. Despite the increasing acceptance of this paradigm, several aspects of the approach remain underdeveloped. Specifically, limitations arise from a reliance on a twins-only design, and all previous studies have used self-reports only. There are also questions about the extent to which existing findings generalize cross-culturally. To address those issues, this study examined individual differences in liberalism/conservatism in a German sample that included twins, their parents, and their spouses and incorporated both self- and peer reports. The self-report findings from this extended twin family design were largely consistent with previous research that used that rater perspective, but they provided higher estimates of heritability, shared parental environmental influences, assortative mating, and genotype-environment correlation than the results from peer reports. The implications of these findings for the measurement and understanding of sociopolitical attitudes are explored.

Understanding the Dark Side of Costly Punishment: The Impact of Individual Differences in Everyday Sadism and Existential Threat

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Pfattheicher ◽  
Simon Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Costly Punishment ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

In public goods situations, a specific destructive behaviour reliably emerges when individuals face the possibility of costly punishing others: antisocial punishment, that is, costly punishing cooperative individuals. So far, however, little is known about the individual differences and situational factors that are associated with the dark side of costly punishment. This research deals with this shortcoming. We argue that antisocial punishment reflects the basic characteristics of sadism, namely, aggressive behaviour to dominate and to harm other individuals. We further argue that antisocial punishment may reflect a type of behaviour that allows for the maintenance of self–esteem (through aggressively dominating others). Therefore, we expect that individuals who report a disposition for everyday sadism are particularly likely to engage in antisocial punishment when their self has been threatened (by thinking about one's own death). In a study ( N = 99), we found empirical support for this assumption. The present research contributes to a better understanding of antisocial punishment and suggests that sadistic tendencies play a crucial role, especially when the self is (existentially) threatened. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

A Nuclear Twin Family Study of Self–Esteem

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiebke Bleidorn ◽  
Anke Hufer ◽  
Christian Kandler ◽  
Christopher J. Hopwood ◽  
Rainer Riemann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Environmental Component ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Twin Families

Twin studies suggest that both genes and environments influence the emergence and development of individual differences in self–esteem. However, different lines of research have emphasized either the role of genes or of environmental influences in shaping self–esteem, and the pathways through which genes and environments exert their influence on self–esteem remain largely unclear. In this study, we used nationally representative data from over 2000 German twin families and a nuclear twin family design (NTFD) to further our understanding of the genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in self–esteem. Compared with classical twin designs, NTFDs allow for finer–grained descriptions of the genetic and environmental influences on phenotypic variation, produce less biased estimates of those effects, and provide more information about different environmental influences and gene–environment correlation that contribute to siblings’ similarity. Our NTFD results suggested that additive and non–additive genetic influences contributed to individual differences in self–esteem as well as environmental influences that are both shared and not shared by twins. The shared environmental component mostly reflected non–parental influences. These findings highlight the increased sensitivity afforded by NTFDs but also remaining limitations that need to be addressed by future behavioural genetic work on the sources of self–esteem. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

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