scholarly journals Peptide signaling molecules CLE5 and CLE6 affect Arabidopsis leaf shape downstream of leaf patterning transcription factors and auxin

Plant Direct ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. e00103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter DiGennaro ◽  
Etienne Grienenberger ◽  
Thai Q. Dao ◽  
Ji Hyung Jun ◽  
Jennifer C. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Peptide Signaling ◽  
Leaf Patterning

Breaking the cycle: the role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in inflammation-driven cancers

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Patterson ◽  
Philippe T. Georgel
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Inflammatory Signaling ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Chronic inflammation is a cyclical, self-stimulating process. Immune cells called to sites of inflammation release pro-inflammatory signaling molecules that stimulate activation of inducible enzymes and transcription factors. These enzymes and transcription factors then stimulate production of signaling molecules that attract more immune cells and induce more enzymatic and transcriptional activity, creating a perpetual loop of inflammation. This self-renewing pool of inflammatory stimuli makes for an ideal tumor microenvironment, and chronic inflammation has been linked to oncogenesis, tumor growth, tumor cell survival, and metastasis. Three protein pathways in particular, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), cyclooxygenase (COX), and lipoxygenase (LOX), provide excellent examples of the cyclical, self-renewing nature of chronic inflammation-driven cancers. NF-kB is an inducible transcription factor responsible for the expression of a vast number of inflammation and cancer related genes. COX and LOX convert omega-6 (n-6) and omga-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) into pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling molecules. These signaling molecules stimulate or repress activity of all three of these pathways. In this review, we will discuss the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of these fatty acids and their role in chronic inflammation and cancer progression.

scholarly journals O-glycosylation of SPL transcription factors regulates plant developmental transitions downstream of miR156

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Vasant Mutanwad ◽  
Nicole Neumayer ◽  
Claudia Freitag ◽  
Isabella Zangl ◽  
Doris Lucyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Trichome Formation ◽  
High Degree

SUMMARYThe timing of plant developmental transitions is decisive for reproductive success and thus tightly regulated by a number of pathways with a high degree of crosstalk between them. Such complex regulatory pathways often involve post-translational modifications (PTMs), integrating internal and environmental signals. O-glycosylation, the attachment of a single monosaccharide to serine or threonine of nuclear and cytosolic proteins, is one of these PTMs, affecting a number of very diverse proteins. Here we show that mutants in the O-fucosyltransferase SPINDLY (SPY) show accelerated developmental transitions. In plants, the transition from juvenile to adult and later to reproductive phase is controlled by an endogenous pathway regulated by miR156, targeting the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN (SBP/SPL) family of transcription factors. SPLs regulate a number of developmental processes, such as trichome formation, leaf shape, leaf growth rate and floral transition. We present genetic analysis showing that O-glycosylation regulates transitions independently of miR156 levels, but depending on functional SPLs. Moreover, SPLs interact directly with SPY and are O-glycosylated. Our results suggest a model where O-glycosylation is involved at several steps in the regulation of developmental transitions, and plays an important role in fine-tuning different regulatory pathways.

scholarly journals Morphometric analysis of Passiflora leaves: the relationship between landmarks of the vasculature and elliptical Fourier descriptors of the blade

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Chitwood ◽  
Wagner C. Otoni
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Fourier Descriptors ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Pairwise Correlation ◽  
Leaf Patterning ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Node Position

AbstractBACKGROUNDLeaf shape among Passiflora species is spectacularly diverse. Underlying this diversity in leaf shape are profound changes in the patterning of the primary vasculature and laminar outgrowth. Each of these aspects of leaf morphology—vasculature and blade—provides different insights into leaf patterning.RESULTSHere, we morphometrically analyze >3,300 leaves from 40 different Passiflora species collected sequentially across the vine. Each leaf is measured in two different ways: using 1) 15 homologous Procrustes-adjusted landmarks of the vasculature, sinuses, and lobes and 2) Elliptical Fourier Descriptors (EFDs), which quantify the outline of the leaf. The ability of landmarks, EFDs, and both datasets together are compared to determine their relative ability to predict species and node position within the vine. Pairwise correlation of x and y landmark coordinates and EFD harmonic coefficients reveals close associations between traits and insights into the relationship between vasculature and blade patterning.CONCLUSIONSLandmarks, more reflective of the vasculature, and EFDs, more reflective of the blade contour, describe both similar and distinct features of leaf morphology. Landmarks and EFDs vary in ability to predict species identity and node position in the vine and exhibit a correlational structure (both within landmark or EFD traits and between the two data types) revealing constraints between vascular and blade patterning underlying natural variation in leaf morphology among Passiflora species.

scholarly journals VirtualCytometry: a webserver for evaluating immune cell differentiation using single-cell RNA sequencing data

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 546-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungsoo Kim ◽  
Sunmo Yang ◽  
Sang-Jun Ha ◽  
Insuk Lee
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Single Cell Rna Sequencing ◽  
Functional States

Abstract Motivation The immune system has diverse types of cells that are differentiated or activated via various signaling pathways and transcriptional regulation upon challenging conditions. Immunophenotyping by flow and mass cytometry are the major approaches for identifying key signaling molecules and transcription factors directing the transition between the functional states of immune cells. However, few proteins can be evaluated by flow cytometry in a single experiment, preventing researchers from obtaining a comprehensive picture of the molecular programs involved in immune cell differentiation. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have enabled unbiased genome-wide quantification of gene expression in individual cells on a large scale, providing a new and versatile analytical pipeline for studying immune cell differentiation. Results We present VirtualCytometry, a web-based computational pipeline for evaluating immune cell differentiation by exploiting cell-to-cell variation in gene expression with scRNA-seq data. Differentiating cells often show a continuous spectrum of cellular states rather than distinct populations. VirtualCytometry enables the identification of cellular subsets for different functional states of differentiation based on the expression of marker genes. Case studies have highlighted the usefulness of this subset analysis strategy for discovering signaling molecules and transcription factors for human T-cell exhaustion, a state of T-cell dysfunction, in tumor and mouse dendritic cells activated by pathogens. With more than 226 scRNA-seq datasets precompiled from public repositories covering diverse mouse and human immune cell types in normal and disease tissues, VirtualCytometry is a useful resource for the molecular dissection of immune cell differentiation. Availability and implementation www.grnpedia.org/cytometry

scholarly journals The Importance of GLWamide Neuropeptides in Cnidarian Development and Physiology

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshio Takahashi ◽  
Masayuki Hatta
Keyword(s):  
Basic Structure ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Peptide Signaling ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
And Function ◽  
Potential Use

The peptide-signaling molecules (<50 amino acid residues) occur in a wide variety of invertebrate and vertebrate organisms, playing pivotal roles in physiological, endocrine, and developmental processes. While some of these peptides display similar structures in mammals and invertebrates, others differ with respect to their structure and function in a species-specific manner. Such a conservation of basic structure and function implies that many peptide-signaling molecules arose very early in the evolutionary history of some taxa, while species-specific characteristics led us to suggest that they also acquire the ability to evolve in response to specific environmental conditions. In this paper, we describe GLWamide-family peptides that function as signaling molecules in the process of muscle contraction, metamorphosis, and settlement in cnidarians. The peptides are produced by neurons and are therefore referred to as neuropeptides. We discuss the importance of the neuropeptides in both developmental and physiological processes in a subset of hydrozoans, as well as the potential use as a seed compound in drug development and aspects related to the protection of corals.

Expression patterns of hormones, signaling molecules, and transcription factors during adenohypophysis development in the chick embryo

2010 ◽  
Vol 239 (4) ◽  
pp. 1197-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Parkinson ◽  
Michelle M. Collins ◽  
Lynn Dufresne ◽  
Aimee K. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Signaling Molecules

Expression of transcription factors and signaling molecules in the cerebellar granule cell development

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 119068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo D. Shiraishi ◽  
Sathoshi Miyashita ◽  
Mariko Yamashita ◽  
Toma Adachi ◽  
Mana M. Shimoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Granule Cell ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Cerebellar Granule Cell ◽  
Cerebellar Granule

scholarly journals Peran Mikrobiota Usus Terhadap kondisi Obesitas

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Armanto Makmun ◽  
Wialda Dwi Rodya ◽  
Zulfahmidah Zulfahmidah ◽  
Windy Nurul Aisyah Aisyah
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Paracrine Signaling ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Peptide Signaling ◽  
Bacterial Products

The gut microbiota has been recognized as an important factor in the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and is considered an endocrine organ involved in the maintenance of energy homeostasis and immunity. Intestinal dysbiosis can alter gastrointestinal peptide production associated with satiety, resulting in increased food intake. In obese people, this dysbiosis appears to be associated with increased gut microbiota has been implicated in the control of food intake and satiety via intestinal peptide signaling, in which bacterial products activate enteroen-docrine cells by modulating enterocyte-produced paracrine signaling molecules. The gut microbiota can increase the production of certain SCFAs, which have been shown to be associated with increased production of YY (PYY) peptides, ghrelin, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The purpose of this study was to Article Review by looking at the topic of the gut microbiota and obesity by using research with quantitative meta-analysis methods based on previous research. This research method uses the article review method. The data source of this research comes from literature obtained via the internet in the form of research results from international journals in 2010-2020. The results of this study from a total of 50 journals, which the authors have reviewed, concluded that the role of the gut microbiota in energy regulation, studies have linked the gut microbiota with the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and inflammation in obesity. It is known that obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. The gut microbiota has been implicated in the control of food intake and satiety through intestinal peptide signaling, in which bacterial products activate enteroen-docrine cells by modulating the enterocyte-produced paracrine signaling molecules. The conclusion of this study based on the results of the study found that the effect of intestinal microbiotas on obesity.

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