Experimental Design for Future Research

1994 ◽  
pp. 247-250
Author(s):  
James Trussell
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Future Research

scholarly journals Objective evaluation of surgical competency for minimally invasive surgery with a collection of simple tests

2016 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Eliana Maria González Neira ◽  
Claudia Patricia Jiménez Mendoza ◽  
Daniel R Suarez ◽  
Saúl Rúgeles Quintero
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive Surgery ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Invasive Surgery ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Surgical Simulator ◽  
Motor Tests ◽  
Competency Level

Objective: This study aims at determining if a collection of 16 motor tests on a physical simulator can objectively discriminate and evaluate practitioners' competency level, i.e. novice, resident, and expert. Methods: An experimental design with three study groups (novice, resident, and expert) was developed to test the evaluation power of each of the 16 simple tests. An ANOVA and a Student Newman-Keuls (SNK) test were used to analyze results of each test to determine which of them can discriminate participants' competency level. Results: Four of the 16 tests used discriminated all of the three competency levels and 15 discriminated at least two of the three groups (α= 0.05). Moreover, other two tests differentiate beginners' level from intermediate, and other seven tests differentiate intermediate level from expert. Conclusion: The competency level of a practitioner of minimally invasive surgery can be evaluated by a specific collection of basic tests in a physical surgical simulator. Reduction of the number of tests needed to discriminate the competency level of surgeons can be the aim of future research.

Tracking livestock using global positioning systems - are we still lost?

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Swain ◽  
M. A. Friend ◽  
G. J. Bishop-Hurley ◽  
R. N. Handcock ◽  
T. Wark
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Global Positioning Systems ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Free Grazing

Since the late 1980s, satellite-based global positioning systems (GPS) have provided unique and novel data that have been used to track animal movement. Tracking animals with GPS can provide useful information, but the cost of the technology often limits experimental replication. Limitations on the number of devices available to monitor the behaviour of animals, in combination with technical constraints, can weaken the statistical power of experiments and create significant experimental design challenges. The present paper provides a review and synthesis of using GPS for livestock-based studies and suggests some future research directions. Wildlife ecologists working in extensive landscapes have pioneered the use of GPS-based devices for tracking animals. Wildlife researchers have focussed efforts on quantifying and addressing issues associated with technology limitations, including spatial accuracy, rate of data collection, battery life and environmental factors causing loss of data. It is therefore not surprising that there has been a significant number of methodological papers published in the literature that have considered technical developments of GPS-based animal tracking. Livestock scientists have used GPS data to inform them about behavioural differences in free-grazing experiments. With a shift in focus from the environment to the animal comes the challenge of ensuring independence of the experimental unit. Social facilitation challenges independence of the individual in a group. The use of spatial modelling methods to process GPS data provides an opportunity to determine the degree of independence of data collected from an individual animal within behavioural-based studies. By using location and movement information derived from GPS data, researchers have been able to determine the environmental impact of grazing animals as well as assessing animal responses to management activities or environmental perturbations. Combining satellite-derived remote-sensing data with GPS-derived landscape preference indices provides a further opportunity to identify landscape avoidance and selection behaviours. As spatial livestock monitoring tools become more widely used, there will be a greater need to ensure the data and associated processing methods are able to answer a broader range of questions. Experimental design and analytical techniques need to be given more attention if GPS technology is to provide answers to questions associated with free-grazing animals.

“Boy’s Club:” Examining sexist humor on types of sexism and femininity ideology using two research approaches

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrysalis L. Wright ◽  
Taylor DeFrancesco ◽  
Carissa Hamilton ◽  
Natasha Vashist
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Correlational Design ◽  
Correlational Approach ◽  
Initial Hypothesis ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Sexist Humor

AbstractThe current study examined sexist humor and participants’ level of sexism and femininity ideology using two research approaches: (1) a quasi-experimental design in which participants were primed with sexist humor and (2) a correlational approach using content analysis to estimate exposure to sexist humor in media. It was hypothesized that exposure to sexist humor would influence viewer’s sexist views and femininity ideology. It was also hypothesized that the quasi-experimental design would yield confirmatory results of our initial hypothesis while the correlational design would not. Participants included 1,559 male and female college students who were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions (viewed sexist humor, viewed non-sexist humor, viewed no videos) and then answered questions related to sexism and femininity ideology followed by general demographic items and media viewing preferences. Results confirmed that the quasi-experimental design, in comparison to the correlational design, yielded more confirmatory results in that those exposed to sexist humor had higher scores on all outcome measures examined. Limitations of priming and content analysis are discussed as well as directions for future research.

scholarly journals Thermography in Neurologic Practice

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Borba Neves ◽  
José Vilaça-Alves ◽  
Claudio Rosa ◽  
Victor Machado Reis
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Monitoring Tool ◽  
Chronological Period ◽  
Infrared Cameras

One kind of medical images that has been developed in the last decades is thermal images. These images are assessed by infrared cameras and have shown an exponential development in recent years. In this sense, the aim of this study was to describe possibilities of thermography usage in the neurologic practice. It was performed a systematic review in Web of Knowledge (Thompson Reuters), set in all databases which used two combination of keywords as “topic”: “thermography” and “neurology”; and “thermography” and “neurologic”. The chronological period was defined from 2000 to 2014 (the least 15 years). Among the studies included in this review, only seven were with experimental design. It is few to bring thermography as a daily tool in clinical practice. However, these studies have suggested good results. The studies of review and an analyzed patent showed that the authors consider the thermography as a diagnostic tool and they recommend its usage. It can be concluded that thermography is already used as a diagnostic and monitoring tool of patients with neuropathies, particularly in complex regional pain syndrome, and stroke. And yet, this tool has great potential for future research about its application in diagnosis of other diseases of neurological origin.

Reconsidering the Role of Design Standards in Developing Effective Safety Labeling: Monolithic Recipes or Collections of Separable Features?

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 920-952
Author(s):  
Michael J. Kalsher ◽  
William G. Obenauer ◽  
Christopher F. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Actual Compliance ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Impact

Objective This research investigated whether safety labeling design guidelines, such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z535 series, contribute to better warnings. Background Studies investigating the impact of safety label formatting on warning effectiveness have produced mixed findings. Additionally, research has failed to find a consistent relationship between measures of predicted and actual compliance. One commonality is that all of these studies have investigated the ANSI Z535 guidelines as a binary variable rather than as an integrative system of separable features. Method We measured predicted compliance using both a within-subjects and a between-subjects design, but actual compliance using only a between-subjects design. Data were analyzed using both analysis of variance and linear/probit regressions to test the relationships between warning features recommended in the ANSI Z535 guidelines and measures of behavioral compliance. Results Predicted compliance assessed via a within-subjects design differed greatly from predicted compliance assessed via a between-subjects design. Levels of predicted and actual compliance were most similar when both measures were assessed using a between-subjects design. Consistent with previous research, location had a strong relationship with actual compliance, but surprisingly, presence of an ANSI-style orange warning header had a negative relationship with compliance. Conclusion The choice of experimental design and analytical methods can dramatically influence a study’s results and conclusions drawn. This research identified several aspects of experimental design that should be considered in future research on warning effectiveness. Application Testing features recommended in the ANSI Z535 guidelines under varying conditions can contribute to the development of more effective warnings.

An Analysis of Selected Aspects of Police Training

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-249
Author(s):  
Benjamin S. Wright ◽  
Jeffrey D. Senese
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Information Retention ◽  
Actual Knowledge ◽  
Training Content ◽  
Service Training ◽  
Objective Tests ◽  
Perceptions Of Police

The present study attempts to determine if the retention of police in-service training information is affected by the type of content presented in the training session. A group of mid-level police managers (e.g., mostly lieutenants) attended two in-service training sessions on the same day that were devoted to Personnel Management and Multicultural Police Strategies. The police managers were given three objective tests related to the content of the two training sessions. Through the use of an experimental design the police managers were administered a pre-test immediately before each training session; a posttest immediately following each training session; and a second posttest three months after the completion of the training sessions. These objective tests focused on both perceptions of information retained as well as the ability to demonstrate actual knowledge in the two training areas. The results show that there were significant differences in the perceptions of police information retention across the two contents, but there were no differences in demonstrated knowledge. Recommendations for future research on police training involve improving the panel design and broadening the training content focus.

scholarly journals Lost in Translation: Simple Steps in Experimental Design of Neurorehabilitation-Based Research Interventions to Promote Motor Recovery Post-Stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Sánchez ◽  
Carolee J. Winstein
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Task Practice ◽  
Meaningful Context ◽  
Research Based Interventions

Stroke continues to be a leading cause of disability. Basic neurorehabilitation research is necessary to inform the neuropathophysiology of impaired motor control, and to develop targeted interventions with potential to remediate disability post-stroke. Despite knowledge gained from basic research studies, the effectiveness of research-based interventions for reducing motor impairment has been no greater than standard of practice interventions. In this perspective, we offer suggestions for overcoming translational barriers integral to experimental design, to augment traditional protocols, and re-route the rehabilitation trajectory toward recovery and away from compensation. First, we suggest that researchers consider modifying task practice schedules to focus on key aspects of movement quality, while minimizing the appearance of compensatory behaviors. Second, we suggest that researchers supplement primary outcome measures with secondary measures that capture emerging maladaptive compensations at other segments or joints. Third, we offer suggestions about how to maximize participant engagement, self-direction, and motivation, by embedding the task into a meaningful context, a strategy more likely to enable goal-action coupling, associated with improved neuro-motor control and learning. Finally, we remind the reader that motor impairment post-stroke is a multidimensional problem that involves central and peripheral sensorimotor systems, likely influenced by chronicity of stroke. Thus, stroke chronicity should be given special consideration for both participant recruitment and subsequent data analyses. We hope that future research endeavors will consider these suggestions in the design of the next generation of intervention studies in neurorehabilitation, to improve translation of research advances to improved participation and quality of life for stroke survivors.

scholarly journals Anticipated Regret in the Purchase of Secondhand and Counterfeit Product

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-204
Author(s):  
Masmira Kurniawati
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Anticipated Regret ◽  
Counterfeit Product ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Buying Decisions

The purpose of this study is how consumers can minimizing negative emotion they will probably experience. One of negative emotion that consumers could experience is regret. When consumers develop a mechanism to anticipate future regret after buying decision, it is called anticipated regret. This research identifies how anticipated regret affects consumer choice between two risky buying decisions, which are counterfeit product and secondhand product. This research also investigates whether perceived risk mediates the effect of anticipated regret on consumers’ choice. Experimental design is used with 120 participants. The result of the analysis shows that anticipated regret significantly affects perceived risk, anticipated regret has negative significant effect toward purchase intention, and perceived risk also negatively affect purchase intention. The bootstrap results indicate that perceived risk mediates the effect of anticipated regret on consumers’ choice. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research then will be delivered.

scholarly journals Discourse Analysis in E-Learning-Based Course Using Moodle Platform: An Experimental Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Eka Putri ◽  
Budianto Hamuddin ◽  
Mutia Sari Nursafira ◽  
Tatum Derin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
Learning Platforms ◽  
And Control

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused educational institutions all over the world to migrate their teachings online. Since Indonesian government issued the SK Mendiknas No. 107/U/2001, educational institutions had to steadily integrate their learning process with technology. So, this study intends to investigate the effectiveness of using the open-source learning platforms known as Moodle in a selected university, Universitas Lancang Kuning (Unilak) in Indonesia. While multiple courses uses Moodle, this study selected to analyse the 2017/2018 fifth semester students as they are the ones who pioneered Moodle for other classes to use. With a quasi-experimental research design, this study used four types of test to calculate the results of the essay pre-test and post-test on both experimental and control classes. With the eventual mean of 65.53 for the experimental class and 63.25 for the control, this study proved that Moodle does effectively improve Indonesian university EFL students’ learning compared to conventional lecture-style learning. Future research is hoped to extend or compare this study with an investigation on how university EFL students are using e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors that have not been covered in this empirical study.

scholarly journals Six Randomized Evaluations of Microcredit: Introduction and Further Steps

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhijit Banerjee ◽  
Dean Karlan ◽  
Jonathan Zinman
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Expanded Access ◽  
Development Tool ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Causal evidence on microcredit impacts informs theory, practice, and debates about its effectiveness as a development tool. The six randomized evaluations in this volume use a variety of sampling, data collection, experimental design, and econometric strategies to identify causal effects of expanded access to microcredit on borrowers and/or communities. These methods are deployed across an impressive range of locations—six countries on four continents, urban and rural areas—borrower characteristics, loan characteristics, and lender characteristics. Summarizing and interpreting results across studies, we note a consistent pattern of modestly positive, but not transformative, effects. We also discuss directions for future research. (JEL D14, G21, I38, O15, O16, P34, P36)

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