Reduction of Bitumen Content and Production Temperature of Hot-Mix Asphalt Incorporating RAP Using Dune Sand and Lime

The major goal of sustainable practices is to preserve raw resources through the utilization of waste materials as an alternative to natural resources. Decreasing the temperature required to produce asphalt mixes contributes to environmental sustainability by reducing energy consumption and toxic emissions. In this study, warm mix asphalt incorporating coarse steel slag aggregates was investigated. Warm mix asphalt was produced at different temperatures lower than the control asphalt mixes (hot mix asphalt) by 10, 20, and 30 °C. The performances of the control and warm mix asphalt were assessed through laboratory tests examining stiffness modulus, dynamic creep, and moisture sensitivity. Furthermore, a response surface methodology (RSM) was conducted by means of DESIGN EXPERT 11 to develop prediction models for the performance of warm mix asphalt. The findings of this study illustrate that producing warm mix asphalt at a temperature 10 °C lower than that of hot mix asphalt exhibited the best results, compared to the other mixes. Additionally, the warm mix asphalt produced at 30 °C lower than the hot mix asphalt exhibited comparable performance to the hot mix asphalt. However, as the production temperature increases, the performance of the warm mix asphalt improves.

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Evaluating the Surface Free Energy and Moisture Sensitivity of Warm Mix Asphalt Binders Using Dynamic Contact Angle

Advances in Civil Engineering ◽

10.1155/2019/9153603 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Muhammad Rafiq Kakar ◽

Meor Othman Hamzah ◽

Mohammad Nishat Akhtar ◽

Junita Mohamad Saleh

Keyword(s):

Contact Angle ◽

Free Energy ◽

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Asphalt Binder ◽

Moisture Damage ◽

Warm Mix Asphalt ◽

Work Of Adhesion ◽

Moisture Sensitivity ◽

Modified Binders ◽

Production Temperature

From the environmental conservation perspective, warm mix asphalt is more preferable compared to hot mix asphalt. This is because warm mix asphalt can be produced and paved in the temperature range 20–40°C lower than its equivalent hot mix asphalt. In terms of cost-effectiveness, warm mix asphalt can significantly improve the mixture workability at a lower temperature and thus reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to be environment friendly. However, the concern, which is challenging to warm mix asphalt, is its susceptibility to moisture damage due to its reduced production temperature. This may cause adhesive failure, which could eventually result in stripping of the asphalt binder from the aggregates. This research highlights the significance of Cecabase warm mix additive to lower the production temperature of warm mix asphalt and improvise the asphalt binder adhesion properties with aggregate. The binders used in the preparation of the test specimen were PG-64 and PG-76. The contact angle values were measured by using the dynamic Wilhelmy plate device. The surface free energy of Cecabase-modified binders was then computed by developing a dedicated algorithm using the C++ program. The analytical measurements such as the spreadability coefficient, work of adhesion, and compatibility ratio were used to analyze the results. The results inferred that the Cecabase improved the spreadability of the asphalt binder over limestone compared to the granite aggregate substrate. Nevertheless, the Cecabase-modified binders improved the work of adhesion. In terms of moisture sensitivity, it is also evident from the compatibility ratio indicator that, unlike granite aggregates, the limestone aggregates were less susceptible to moisture damage.

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Effect of Partial Replacement of Crushed Stone Dust Filler with Waste Glass Powder in Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete Production

10.31224/osf.io/ejzsv ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Destaw Kifile ◽

Emer Quezon ◽

Abel Tesfaye

Keyword(s):

Glass Powder ◽

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Road Construction ◽

Waste Glass ◽

Crushed Stone ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Waste Glass Powder ◽

Stone Dust ◽

Concrete Production ◽

Bitumen Content

The use of waste recycled materials in road construction nowadays considered a positive means of providing improved pavement performance. This research focused on evaluating the effect of waste glass powder as a partial replacement of crushed stone dust filler in hot mix asphalt. Three hot mix asphalt samples produced using crushed stone dust of 5%, 6.5%, and 8% as mineral filler with five different bitumen content of 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, and 6%, respectively. From the preliminary series tests of asphalt contents, a 6.5% crushed stone dust filler selected, providing the highest stability of waste glass powder. The content of crushed stone dust filler replaced with a rate of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% to test Marshal stability to obtain the Optimum bitumen content and Optimum filler content. Results indicated at 75% replacement of crushed stone dust with waste glass powder at 5.10% bitumen content, 12.0kN Marshall stability value, 2.84mm Flow value, 4.0% Air voids, 72.3% VFB, and 2.360g/cm3 Bulk density. Hence, the mixture of 75% waste glass powder by weight of crushed stone dust filler meets the minimum requirements of the Ethiopian Road Authority and Asphalt Institute Specifications.

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Use of expanded polystyrene from disposable food pack as a modifier for bitumen in hot mix asphalt

Nigerian Journal of Technology ◽

10.4314/njt.v39i4.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 1021-1028

Author(s):

A.A. Murana ◽

K. Akilu ◽

A.T. Olowosulu

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Softening Point ◽

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Expanded Polystyrene ◽

Modified Bitumen ◽

Domestic Waste ◽

Bitumen Content ◽

The Stability ◽

Stability Results

This study evaluate the use of Disposable Food Pack (DFP) as a modifier for bitumen for an improved Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). The bitumen was modified with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% DFP obtained from domestic waste. The penetration, ductility and specific gravity of DFP modified bitumen decreased from 68mm to 59.5mm, 110cm to 101cm and 1.025 to 1.012 respectively with increase in DFP, while softening point increased from 49.5 oC to 54.5 oC with increase in DFP. The Marshal Stability results revealed that the DFP modified bitumen increased the stability values of the compacted mixes to a maximum of 9.33kN at 8% DFP content. The flow showed decrease from 3.18mm at 2% DFP to 2.94mm at 10% DFP, whereas the density of the compacted mixes increased to a maximum of 2.293g/cm3 with increased modifier. An Optimum DFP Content of 6.7% by weight of the Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) isrecommended. Keywords: Bitumen, Disposable Food Pack, Expanded Polystyrene, Hot Mix Asphalt, Modified bitumen

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Use of glass waste as mineral filler in hot mix asphalt

Science and Engineering of Composite Materials ◽

10.1515/secm-2013-0135 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 271-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mehmet Saltan ◽

Betül Öksüz ◽

Volkan Emre Uz

Keyword(s):

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Crushed Stone ◽

World Population ◽

Mineral Filler ◽

Glass Bottle ◽

Continuous Increase ◽

Use Of Resources ◽

Stone Dust ◽

Bitumen Content

AbstractThe use of resources is increasing due to continuous increase in world population and rapid industrialization, while natural resources are being exhausted day by day. Usage of waste materials or by-products in highway construction has substantial environmental and economic benefits. In this study, the usage of cullet and waste glass bottle dust as mineral filler material in hot mix asphalt as an alternate to traditional crushed stone dust was investigated. Optimum bitumen content was determined by the Marshall mix design method by using six different bitumen contents (4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, and 6.5%). With the optimum bitumen content, three different mineral filler types (cullet, glass bottle waste, and stone dust) and six different filler ratios (4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, and 9%) were used to prepare asphalt mixture samples. Samples were performed using the Marshall stability test, and the results were compared. It is concluded that cullet and glass bottle waste can be used in asphalt mixtures as a mineral filler alternate to crushed stone dust if the economic and environmental factors favor it.

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Study on the Suitability of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregate (RAPA) in Hot Mix Asphalt Production

Journal of Engineering Research ◽

10.36909/jer.14605 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tiruwork Mulatu ◽

◽

Biruk Yigezu ◽

Anteneh Geremew ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Asphalt Pavement ◽

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement ◽

Asphalt Production ◽

Standard Specification ◽

Moisture Susceptibility ◽

Reclaimed Asphalt ◽

Bitumen Content ◽

Crushed Aggregate ◽

Marshall Stability

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of recycled asphalt aggregate with fresh aggregate in hot mix asphalt production by using experimental laboratory investigation. Also, Non-probable sampling techniques were adopted to collect a sample. The engineering properties of extracted Reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate and the fresh crushed aggregate were identified based on standard specification before starting the Marshall Mix design, Then the Marshall Stability test was conducted on crushed aggregate with three different aggregate gradation sizes 5.0%, 5.5% and 6.0% by weight of aggregates and with five different bitumen content 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5% and 6.0% by weight of total mix. Depending on the selected aggregate gradation Marshall Stability test was conducted for reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate with a replacement rate of 5.0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 55%, and 65% by weight of crushed aggregate to determine its optimum bitumen content according to National Asphalt Pavement Association method (NAPAM). A total of 64 mix designs and 190 specimens were prepared. Hence, Marshall Stability and Moisture Susceptibility test with 3-trials, hence rutting test with 2-trials. From 190 specimens, 45 were for the control mix, 105 were for replacement proportion, 36 were for Moisture Susceptibility and 4 were for Rutting Based on the Marshall Test results and their performance tests such as Moisture Susceptibility and Rutting was performed to maximum allowable replacement percentage was compared with standard specification. The optimum bitumen content result obtained in percent was 5.1, 5.04, 4.98, 4.87, 4.81, 4.74, 4.67 and 4.53 for 0 % (control), 5.0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 55% and 65%, respectively. The experimental value of Tensile Strength Ratio, proportional rut depth and mean rut depth on 45% RAPA replacement was 85.42% and 4.48 %, 2.24 mm respectively. Finally, the test result obtained from the marshal stability and the performance testes indicates that up to 45% replacement of aggregate is reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate in hot mix asphalt production satisfies the standard specification.

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Resilient Modulus Performance of Warm Mix Asphaltic Concrete using Cecabase RT Additive

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.c1013.1183s319 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3S3) ◽

pp. 399-403

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficient ◽

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Resilient Modulus ◽

Test Procedure ◽

Control Sample ◽

Public Works ◽

Pulse Repetition ◽

Asphaltic Concrete ◽

Additive Content ◽

Bitumen Content

Warm mix asphalt is an energy efficient mix that can be produced at lower temperature than the conventional hot mix asphalt, while maintaining the properties and performance required for the conventional hot mix asphalt. This paper presents a study in mix design of dense graded asphaltic concrete using a warm mix additive known as Cecabase RT. Type AC14 gradation for granite aggregates and bitumen of penetration type 60/70 were used for this study based on the Public Works Department of Malaysia’s Standard Specification for Road Works. The mixing temperature for the control sample AC14 mix without the additive was set at 160°C while for the mix using the Cecabase RT additive, the mixing temperature was set at 135°C. Marshall test procedure were then used to prepare the samples and volumetric properties were then evaluated to determine the optimum bitumen content. The optimum Cecabase RT additive content was then determined using samples prepared at the optimum bitumen content. The resilient modulus test was then carried out on the samples based on the repeated load indirect tensile test at temperatures of 25°C and 40°C at three different pulse repetition periods. From the analysis of the results, it was found that optimum bitumen content was at 4.9% while the optimum Cecabase RT additive content for the AC14 mix is 0.3%. The resilient modulus values obtained for the mix using Cecabase RT warm mix additive is higher than the control samples at both test temperatures and at all the pulse repetition period tested. It can be concluded that the use of Cecabase RT additive have the advantages of reducing the mixing temperature, thus producing a more energy efficient mix while improving the stiffness of the mix in terms of resilient modulus values, thus increasing a pavement load carrying capacity.

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ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE MODERNIZED BITUMEN BATCHING SYSTEM ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE HOT MIX ASPHALT MIXTURE

Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis ◽

10.3846/mla.2010.115 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

pp. 72-76

Author(s):

Justas Bražiūnas ◽

Henrikas Sivilevičius

Keyword(s):

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Statistical Evaluation ◽

Asphalt Mixture ◽

Batch Type ◽

Bitumen Content ◽

Before And After ◽

And Performance

The weighted mass of a binder in the bucket of the bitumen batcher of a batch-type asphalt plant should be such that its percentage of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture lot would comply with the design amount of the job-mix formula in all mix batches. A bitumen batcher does not always weigh bitumen portions precisely. Their mass deviations from the amount determined by the project and its variation impair HMA composition and performance. The paper provides data on a statistical evaluation of bitumen batcher modernization performed at Lithuanian enterprise „LL“. The article analyzes differences in the structures of reconstructed and not reconstructed bitumen batching systems and presents methods for determining modernization effectiveness. The paper also focuses on the effectiveness of the batching system, determining deviations from bitumen content in subsamples taken and extracted everyday during two seasons (before and after batcher‘s modernization) of producing HMA from the value of job-mix formula and comparing them to the values of tolerances.

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