scholarly journals Supporting Human Autonomy in AI Systems: A Framework for Ethical Enquiry

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael A. Calvo ◽  
Dorian Peters ◽  
Karina Vold ◽  
Richard M. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Personal Growth ◽  
Autonomy Support ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
The Self ◽  
Ethical Imperative ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Psychological Wellness ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Human Autonomy

Abstract Autonomy has been central to moral and political philosophy for millennia, and has been positioned as a critical aspect of both justice and wellbeing. Research in psychology supports this position, providing empirical evidence that autonomy is critical to motivation, personal growth and psychological wellness. Responsible AI will require an understanding of, and ability to effectively design for, human autonomy (rather than just machine autonomy) if it is to genuinely benefit humanity. Yet the effects on human autonomy of digital experiences are neither straightforward nor consistent, and are complicated by commercial interests and tensions around compulsive overuse. This multi-layered reality requires an analysis that is itself multidimensional and that takes into account human experience at various levels of resolution. We borrow from HCI and psychological research to apply a model (“METUX”) that identifies six distinct spheres of technology experience. We demonstrate the value of the model for understanding human autonomy in a technology ethics context at multiple levels by applying it to the real-world case study of an AI-enhanced video recommender system. In the process we argue for the following three claims: (1) There are autonomy-related consequences to algorithms representing the interests of third parties, and they are not impartial and rational extensions of the self, as is often perceived; (2) Designing for autonomy is an ethical imperative critical to the future design of responsible AI; and (3) Autonomy-support must be analysed from at least six spheres of experience in order to appropriately capture contradictory and downstream effects.

AAC Collaboration Using the Self-Anchored Rating Scales (SARS): An Aphasia Case Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 136-143
Author(s):  
Lynn E. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Therapeutic Process ◽  
Family Counseling ◽  
The Self ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Solution Focused

Abstract The self-anchored rating scale (SARS) is a technique that augments collaboration between Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) interventionists, their clients, and their clients' support networks. SARS is a technique used in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, a branch of systemic family counseling. It has been applied to treating speech and language disorders across the life span, and recent case studies show it has promise for promoting adoption and long-term use of high and low tech AAC. I will describe 2 key principles of solution-focused therapy and present 7 steps in the SARS process that illustrate how clinicians can use the SARS to involve a person with aphasia and his or her family in all aspects of the therapeutic process. I will use a case study to illustrate the SARS process and present outcomes for one individual living with aphasia.

Role efficacy: A comprehensive study

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopa Bhardwaj ◽  
Swati Sharma ◽  
Neeti B. Karnick
Keyword(s):  
Personal Growth ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Potential Effectiveness ◽  
Role Integration ◽  
Helping Relationship ◽  
Role Efficacy ◽  
Comprehensive Study

A case study in manufacturing giant attempts to capture how potential effectiveness of a role is psychologically tuned along ten dimensions on which efficacy of an employee is defined. Further, how position, age and tenure of employment interact with role efficacy. A combination of quantitative and qualitative approach is followed, where n=28. Managers are seen as leaders and act like role models for the subordinates. Further, managers are high on helping relationship. Both see an opportunity for personal growth in their role. Self- role integration is lesser in managers than subordinates. Subordinates are found to be more reactive. Confrontation is greater for subordinates than managers. Elders are strong on dimensions common to achievers and youngest seems to have politics. Longer tenures exhibits more helping attitude and more confrontation than with smaller tenures. Thus, the dynamism between position, age and tenure seems to have an effect on role-efficacy.

A Design of Educational Game to Prevent Cyber-Bullying among Teenagers and An Analysis of Its Effect (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Game Design ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Educational Games ◽  
Educational Game ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
Prevention Education ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Sensitive Topics ◽  
Mode Of Development

UNSTRUCTURED This paper is a case study on the design of an educational game for the prevention of cyberbullying and an analysis of its educational effect. I selected a game titled “Angry Daddy,” which was developed based on the request of Korean government authority and analyzed the mode of development of the game and its educational effect. For this research, both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. Moreover, advice regarding the game design was obtained from many experts belonging to various fields. Based on the analysis of the game design and its educational effect, it was confirmed that the following factors are important to design an educational game meant for the prevention of cyberbullying and to enhance its educational effect: First, cooperation between content experts and game development experts is essential to develop an educational game. Second, it should be verified whether the contents and the format of the game are appropriate by analyzing the play test results of the target audience. Third, it is essential to prepare a manual to guide teachers to apply the game to the field. Fourth, it was confirmed that educating students on sensitive topics like cyberbullying is very effective when educational games that make them feel and experience the outcomes of bullying are utilized. This research is expected to be helpful for future design of educational games and the research and development of the format of cyberbullying prevention education.

scholarly journals Tripeptide Self-Assembly into Bioactive Hydrogels: Effects of Terminus Modification on Biocatalysis

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Marina Kurbasic ◽  
Ana M. Garcia ◽  
Simone Viada ◽  
Silvia Marchesan
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
The Self ◽  
Chemical Modifications ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
The Future ◽  
Bio Material ◽  
Supramolecular Catalysts

Bioactive hydrogels based on the self-assembly of tripeptides have attracted great interest in recent years. In particular, the search is active for sequences that are able to mimic enzymes when they are self-organized in a nanostructured hydrogel, so as to provide a smart catalytic (bio)material whose activity can be switched on/off with assembly/disassembly. Within the diverse enzymes that have been targeted for mimicry, hydrolases find wide application in biomaterials, ranging from their use to convert prodrugs into active compounds to their ability to work in reverse and catalyze a plethora of reactions. We recently reported the minimalistic l-His–d-Phe–d-Phe for its ability to self-organize into thermoreversible and biocatalytic hydrogels for esterase mimicry. In this work, we analyze the effects of terminus modifications that mimic the inclusion of the tripeptide in a longer sequence. Therefore, three analogues, i.e., N-acetylated, C-amidated, or both, were synthesized, purified, characterized by several techniques, and probed for self-assembly, hydrogelation, and esterase-like biocatalysis. This work provides useful insights into how chemical modifications at the termini affect self-assembly into biocatalytic hydrogels, and these data may become useful for the future design of supramolecular catalysts for enhanced performance.

scholarly journals Self-Categorising and Othering in Migrant Integration: The Case of Entrepreneurs in Berlin

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2145
Author(s):  
Lubna Rashid ◽  
Silvia Cepeda-García
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
The Self ◽  
Migrant Entrepreneurship ◽  
Migrant Integration

The economic integration of migrants has become increasingly prioritised by European governments. However, Europe’s colonial past and orientalist narratives have contributed to the inevitable othering of migrants, even in the minds of those with the best of intentions. Guided by the self-categorisation theory, we postulate that those involved in supporting migrants to integrate in European societies implicitly categorise them as an out-group, potentially leading to suboptimal integration outcomes and the (inadvertent) exclusion of the very migrants they attempt to integrate. A case study of migrant entrepreneurship support initiatives in Berlin is illustrated as a qualitative, empirical example, providing some evidence for those arguments. The paper concludes with recommendations for practitioners and suggestions for further research.

scholarly journals Storytelling and `Character': Victims, Villains and Heroes in a Case of Technological Change

Organization ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Whittle ◽  
Frank Mueller ◽  
Anita Mangan
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Change ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
The Self ◽  
Routine Work ◽  
Social Positioning ◽  
Face Saving ◽  
Positive Light

In this article we examine the role of stories in the temporal development of images of the self at work. Drawing on an in-depth case study of technological change in a UK public-private partnership, we highlight the role of stories in the construction, maintenance and defence of actors' moral status and organizational reputation. The analysis focuses on the development of one `character' as he shifted from the role of innocent victim to implied villain to heroic survivor within the stories constructed during routine work conversations. We argue that stories are intimately linked to the forms of `moral accounting' that serve to deal with the challenges to `face' and social positioning that accompany `failed' organizational change. Stories, we suggest, are likely to be invoked when an interactional encounter threatens the participants' sense of social worth. Stories in which we present ourselves in a positive light—for instance as virtuous, honourable, courageous, caring, committed, competent— comprise a key component of face-saving strategies designed to maintain our social positioning: processes that are often intensified during periods of organizational change.

scholarly journals Rethinking the Perceived Self: Samples from Facebook

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-228
Author(s):  
Anita Kasabova
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
The Self ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Active Participant ◽  
The Real ◽  
Group I ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Anglo American

Abstract How the self perceives reality is a traditional topic of research across several disciplines. I examine the perceived self on Facebook, as a case-study of self-knowledge on „classical” social media. Following Blascovich & Bailenson (2011), I consider the distinction between the real and the virtual as relative. Perceptual self-knowledge, filtered through social media, requires rethinking the perceived self in terms of social reality (Neisser, 1993). This claim dovetails Jenkins’s (2013) notion of the self as an active participant in consumption. I argue that the perceived self in social media could be conceived in terms of how it would like to be perceived and appraised by its virtual audience. Using Neisser’s (1993) typology of self-knowledge and Castañeda’s (1983) theory of I-guises, I analyse seven samples from Anglo-American and Bulgarian Facebook sites and show that the perceived self produces itself online as a captivating presence with a credible story. My samples are taken from FB community pages with negligible cultural differences across an online teenage/twens (twixter) age group. I then discuss some problematic aspects of the perceived self online, as well as recent critiques of technoconsumerism.

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