Role of Signal Molecules Under Stressful Environments

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-47
Author(s):  
Mona Gergis Dawood ◽  
Mohamed El-Sayed El-Awadi
Keyword(s):  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Stressful Environments

scholarly journals Systems Biology and Bile Acid Signalling in Microbiome-Host Interactions in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 766
Author(s):  
David F. Woods ◽  
Stephanie Flynn ◽  
Jose A. Caparrós-Martín ◽  
Stephen M. Stick ◽  
F. Jerry Reen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Important Host ◽  
Respiratory Microbiota

The study of the respiratory microbiota has revealed that the lungs of healthy and diseased individuals harbour distinct microbial communities. Imbalances in these communities can contribute to the pathogenesis of lung disease. How these imbalances occur and establish is largely unknown. This review is focused on the genetically inherited condition of Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Understanding the microbial and host-related factors that govern the establishment of chronic CF lung inflammation and pathogen colonisation is essential. Specifically, dissecting the interplay in the inflammation–pathogen–host axis. Bile acids are important host derived and microbially modified signal molecules that have been detected in CF lungs. These bile acids are associated with inflammation and restructuring of the lung microbiota linked to chronicity. This community remodelling involves a switch in the lung microbiota from a high biodiversity/low pathogen state to a low biodiversity/pathogen-dominated state. Bile acids are particularly associated with the dominance of Proteobacterial pathogens. The ability of bile acids to impact directly on both the lung microbiota and the host response offers a unifying principle underpinning the pathogenesis of CF. The modulating role of bile acids in lung microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation could offer new potential targets for designing innovative therapeutic approaches for respiratory disease.

Role of long interspersed nuclear element-1 in the regulation of chromatin landscapes and genome dynamics

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110312
Author(s):  
Kenneth S Ramos ◽  
Pasano Bojang ◽  
Emma Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Mobile Element ◽  
Cancer Diagnostics ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Genome Dynamics ◽  
Human Illness ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Stressful Environments

LINE-1 retrotransposon, the most active mobile element of the human genome, is subject to tight regulatory control. Stressful environments and disease modify the recruitment of regulatory proteins leading to unregulated activation of LINE-1. The activation of LINE-1 influences genome dynamics through altered chromatin landscapes, insertion mutations, deletions, and modulation of cellular plasticity. To date, LINE-1 retrotransposition has been linked to various cancer types and may in fact underwrite the genetic basis of various other forms of chronic human illness. The occurrence of LINE-1 polymorphisms in the human population may define inter-individual differences in susceptibility to disease. This review is written in honor of Dr Peter Stambrook, a friend and colleague who carried out highly impactful cancer research over many years of professional practice. Dr Stambrook devoted considerable energy to helping others live up to their full potential and to navigate the complexities of professional life. He was an inspirational leader, a strong advocate, a kind mentor, a vocal supporter and cheerleader, and yes, a hard critic and tough friend when needed. His passionate stand on issues, his witty sense of humor, and his love for humanity have left a huge mark in our lives. We hope that that the knowledge summarized here will advance our understanding of the role of LINE-1 in cancer biology and expedite the development of innovative cancer diagnostics and treatments in the ways that Dr Stambrook himself had so passionately envisioned.

Rice-Barnyard Grass Allelopathic Interaction: A Role of Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 1782-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.X. You ◽  
P. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Barnyard Grass ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Opposite Trend ◽  
Allelopathic Interaction

Exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) can have an important effect on rice allelopathy. Currently, the role of endogenous JA and SA on rice-barnyard grass interaction is largely unknown. In this study, the levels of JA and SA in tissues and their correlation to rice allelochemicals inducing with barnyard grass are analyzed. Rice allelochemicals production was enhanced by coexistence with barnyard grass and allelochemicals of the allelopathic variety, PI312777 were generally higher than those of non-allelopathic variety, Liaojing9. Furthermore, JA contents of two rice varieties were generally greater in roots than in shoots, and differed clearly with tested times. The SA levels of PI312777 were generally higher than those of Liaojing9 in shoots but opposite trend in roots. The contents of total allelochemicals correlated positively with SA (Pearson correlation, r = 0.91, P < 0.001). These results indicate that as the phytohormones, JA and SA play a provable role in chemical communication between rice and barnyard grass and participate in rice-barnyard grass allelopathic interaction. Future studies should determine the signal molecules in root exudates of barnyard grass and their functions.

Role of rhizobial lipo-chitin oligosaccharide signal molecules in root nodule organogenesis

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1413-1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman P. Spaink ◽  
Ben J. J. Lugtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodule ◽  
Signal Molecules

scholarly journals Roles and Clinical Applications of Exosomes in Cardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Guo ◽  
Yuerong Xu ◽  
Jian Ding ◽  
Jiaying Dong ◽  
Ning Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Bioactive Agents

Despite substantial improvements in therapeutic strategies, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane of endosomal origin, have been the focus of a large body of research in CVD. Exosomes not only serve as carriers for signal molecules responsible for intercellular and interorgan communication underlying CVD pathophysiology but also are bioactive agents which are partly responsible for the therapeutic effect of stem cell therapy of CVD. We here review recent insights gained into the role of exosomes in apoptosis, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and inflammation in CVD pathophysiology and progression and the application and mechanisms of exosomes as therapeutic agents for CVD.

Role of Toll-like receptor-4 in genetic susceptibility to lung injury induced by residual oil fly ash

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye-Youn Cho ◽  
Anne E. Jedlicka ◽  
Robert Clarke ◽  
Steven R. Kleeberger
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 4 ◽  
Residual Oil Fly Ash ◽  
Oil Fly Ash

The mechanisms of susceptibility to particle-induced lung injury are not clearly understood. To evaluate the contribution of genetic background to pulmonary pathogenesis, we compared the lung injury responses to residual oil fly ash (ROFA) in inbred mouse strains and calculated heritability estimates. Significant interstrain (genetic) variation was observed in ROFA-induced lung inflammation and hyperpermeability phenotypes; broad-sense heritability ranged from ∼0.43 to 0.62, and the coefficient of genetic determination ranged from 0.28 to 0.45. C3H/HeJ (HeJ) mice were most resistant to the ROFA-induced injury responses. This was particularly important, as HeJ mice contain a dominant negative mutation in Toll-like receptor-4 ( Tlr4). We then characterized ROFA-induced injury and TLR4 signaling in HeJ mice and its coisogenic strain C3H/HeOuJ (OuJ; Tlr4 normal) to understand the potential role of Tlr4 in this model. ROFA-induced lung injury was significantly greater in OuJ mice compared with HeJ mice. ROFA also significantly enhanced transcript and protein levels of lung TLR4 in OuJ but not in HeJ mice. Greater activation of downstream signal molecules (i.e., MYD88, TRAF6, IRAK-1, NF-κB, MAPK, AP-1) was observed in OuJ mice than in HeJ mice before the development of ROFA-induced pulmonary injury. Putative TLR4-dependent inflammatory genes that were differentially induced by ROFA in the two strains include interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Results support an important contribution of genetic background to particle-mediated lung injury, and Tlr4 is a candidate susceptibility gene.

Optimisation of the critical medium components for better growth of Picochlorum sp. and the role of stressful environments for higher lipid production

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 1628-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Dahmen ◽  
Haifa Chtourou ◽  
Ahlem Jebali ◽  
Dhouha Daassi ◽  
Fatma Karray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Production ◽  
Medium Components ◽  
Stressful Environments

scholarly journals TLRs, NF-κB, JNK, and Liver Regeneration

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Iimuro ◽  
Jiro Fujimoto
Keyword(s):  
Liver Regeneration ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Receptor Signaling ◽  
Liver Mass ◽  
Tlr Signaling ◽  
Original Size ◽  
Myeloid Differentiation Factor

While hepatocytes rarely undergo proliferation in normal livers, they quickly induce proliferation in response to loss of liver mass by toxin or inflammation-induced hepatocyte injury, trauma, or surgical resection, leading to a restoration of liver mass to its original size. Recent studies suggest that Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling participates in this regenerative response. Myeloid differentiation factor (MyD88), a common adaptor molecule in the TLR, IL-1 and IL-18 receptor signaling, plays a key role, at least, in the early phase of liver regeneration. Currently, definite ligands which bind to TLRs and initiate this process are still unclear. TLRs stimulated by their corresponding ligands, as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors (TNFRs), can activate downstream signal molecules, including transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Previous studies have revealed the important role of TNF receptor signaling, NF-κB, and JNK in liver regeneration by using hepatocyte-specific gene-modified animals. This review will summarize the current knowledge of TLR signaling and their related molecules in liver regeneration. We will also discuss whether modulating these factors may become new therapeutic strategies to promote liver regeneration in various clinical situations.

scholarly journals The role of signal production and transduction in induced resistance of harvested fruits and vegetables

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Wang ◽  
Yang Bi
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Resistance Response

Abstract Postharvest diseases are the primary reason causing postharvest loss of fruits and vegetables. Although fungicides show an effective way to control postharvest diseases, the use of fungicides is gradually being restricted due to safety, environmental pollution, and resistance development in the pathogen. Induced resistance is a new strategy to control postharvest diseases by eliciting immune activity in fruits and vegetables with exogenous physical, chemical, and biological elicitors. After being stimulated by elicitors, fruits and vegetables respond immediately against pathogens. This process is actually a continuous signal transduction, including the generation, transduction, and interaction of signal molecules. Each step of response can lead to corresponding physiological functions, and ultimately induce disease resistance by upregulating the expression of disease resistance genes and activating a variety of metabolic pathways. Signal molecules not only mediate defense response alone, but also interact with other signal transduction pathways to regulate the disease resistance response. Among various signal molecules, the second messenger (reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, calcium ions) and plant hormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid) play an important role in induced resistance. This article summarizes and reviews the research progress of induced resistance in recent years, and expounds the role of the above-mentioned signal molecules in induced resistance of harvested fruits and vegetables, and prospects for future research.

scholarly journals Melatonin Improves Cotton Salt Tolerance by Regulating ROS Scavenging System and Ca2 + Signal Transduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuexin Zhang ◽  
Yapeng Fan ◽  
Cun Rui ◽  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Nan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Exogenous Melatonin ◽  
Endogenous Melatonin

As one of the cash crops, cotton is facing the threat of abiotic stress during its growth and development. It has been reported that melatonin is involved in plant defense against salt stress, but whether melatonin can improve cotton salt tolerance and its molecular mechanism remain unclear. We investigated the role of melatonin in cotton salt tolerance by silencing melatonin synthesis gene and exogenous melatonin application in upland cotton. In this study, applicating of melatonin can improve salt tolerance of cotton seedlings. The content of endogenous melatonin was different in cotton varieties with different salt tolerance. The inhibition of melatonin biosynthesis related genes and endogenous melatonin content in cotton resulted in the decrease of antioxidant enzyme activity, Ca2+ content and salt tolerance of cotton. To explore the protective mechanism of exogenous melatonin against salt stress by RNA-seq analysis. Melatonin played an important role in the resistance of cotton to salt stress, improved the salt tolerance of cotton by regulating antioxidant enzymes, transcription factors, plant hormones, signal molecules and Ca2+ signal transduction. This study proposed a regulatory network for melatonin to regulate cotton’s response to salt stress, which provided a theoretical basis for improving cotton’s salt tolerance.

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