FEATURES OF MOISTURE SUPPLY OF GRASSY COVER IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE ARBORETUM

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
C.V. Makarychev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Humus Horizon ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Actual Data ◽  
Illuvial Horizon ◽  
Grass Cover ◽  
Moisture Supply ◽  
Significant Deficit

From the analysis of the actual data, it follows that at the beginning of June 2014, there was a significant moistening of the humus horizon of Chernozem under the grass cover. But at the end of the month, the amount of available moisture decreased sharply and continued to decrease during July and August. This led to a shortage of water reserves, which could only be compensated by irrigation. 2016 was generally wetter, although the moisture content in the upper humus horizon was low when it emerged from winter in may. The drop in humidity in Chernozem continued until mid-June, when the ELVs decreased to unsatisfactory values. Since the end of June, regular precipitation has dramatically increased the available moisture reserves, remaining very good until the end of the growing season. As a result, a significant deficit of productive moisture was observed only in late may and early June. In June 2017, the productive moisture reserves in the humus-accumulative horizon were satisfactory. But in the illuvial horizon, the moisture reserves were estimated to be good, which did not require irrigation.

scholarly journals SOILMOISTUREREGIMEAND ITS REGULATION WHEN MAINTAINING THE GRASS COVER OF GLADES AND LAWNS IN THE ARBORETUM

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
S.V. Makarychev ◽  
◽  
A.V. Tingayev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Humus Horizon ◽  
Illuvial Horizon ◽  
Grass Cover ◽  
Forest Park ◽  
Recreation Areas ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
Significant Deficit ◽  
Park Area ◽  
Research Period

Glades and lawns beautify any forest-park area, and therefore, when developing them, it is necessary to take into account the size and configuration, relief, path net-work, placement of shrubs and tree species as well as the quality of the grass cover. In small recreation areas or in arboretums, it is advisable to create lawns, not glades. It should be emphasized that there is practically no infor-mation on the processes of the formation of moisture con-tent regimes in soil profiles under glades or lawns in an arboretum. Therefore, the study of moisture accumulation and movement in the genetic horizons of chernozem is a topical issue. It follows from the analysis of the actual data that in early June 2014there was a significant moistening of the humus horizon of the chernozem under the grass cover. But at the end of the month, the amount of available moisture dropped sharply and continued to decrease in July and August. This caused soil moisture deficit that could only be met by irrigation. The year of 2016 was gen-erally wetter although in May the moisture content in the upper humus horizon was low. The drop of moisture con-tent in chernozem continued until mid-June when available moisture decreased to unsatisfactory values. From the end of June, regular rainfall has dramatically increased the available moisture that remained very good until the end of the growing season. As a result, a significant deficit of available moisture was observed only in late May and early June. In June 2017, the available moisture in the humus-accumulative horizon was satisfactory. But in the illuvial horizon, the moisture reserves were evaluated as good and irrigation was not required. Thus, for the research period only in 2014 it was required to irrigate the chernozem soil profile in the glade under grass cover.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE GROWING CONDITIONS OF SEA-BUCKTHORN PLANTATIONS UNDER INUNDATIVE IRRIGATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
S.V. Makarychev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sea Buckthorn ◽  
Parent Rock ◽  
Illuvial Horizon ◽  
Soil Moisture Deficit ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
Ture Content ◽  
Humus Horizons

Sea-buckthorn grows well on slope lands that are high-ly drained and lack stagnant water. The optimum soil mois-ture content for sea-buckthorn corresponds to 70% of the lowest moisture capacity. Under continuous soil moisture deficit, the leaf surface area decreased, the fruits were poorly set as a result of ovary drop during the first half of the growing season, and berry size decreased. In this re-gard, the study of the water regime of the soil under sea-buckthorn plantations the possibility of its regulation re-mained quite topical. The available moisture in the humus horizons of chernozem in May 2004 corresponded to a satisfactory level. At the end of summer, the moisture con-tent of the chernozem decreased to unsatisfactory state. As a result, the plants experienced water deprivation throughout the growing season. Naturally, the need arose for irrigation, especially in June and August with irrigation rates of 490 and 280 t per m3, respectively. In the underly-ing horizons, the soil moisture deficit was weaker. In the humus horizons, the available moisture in the chernozem in the middle of the slope did not differ much from the mois-ture content at its top. At the same time, in the transitional BC layer in the second half of summer, the available mois-ture content was significantly higher. This difference was also found in the parent rock. In the lower part of theslope, the one-meter soil layer contained a greater amount of moisture which contributed to the decrease of its deficit during the entire growing season. This was especially no-ticeable in the illuvial horizon and parent rock. In the sec-ond half of summer,the available moisture content here remained higher than in the upper slope sites. In conclu-sion, it should be noted that only humus-accumulative hori-zons A (arable) + AB needed irrigation with different irriga-tion rates depending on the location of the sea-buckthorn plantations on the slope and their growth features.

scholarly journals Sorption of atenolol, sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine onto soil aggregates from the illuvial horizon of the Haplic Luvisol on loess

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fér Miroslav ◽  
Kodešová Radka ◽  
Golovko Oksana ◽  
Schmidtová Zuzana ◽  
Kliment Aleš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Illuvial Horizon ◽  
Disturbed Soil ◽  
Single Compound ◽  
Soil Components ◽  
Positively Charged

The leakage of pharmaceuticals present in soils towards groundwater is largely controlled by sorption of those compounds in soils. In some soils, soil aggregates are covered by coatings, which may have considerably different composition in comparison to that in an inner part of the aggregates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sorption of three pharmaceuticals, which were applied in single or all compounds solutions, onto soil samples taken from the Bt horizon of a Haplic Luvisol. Analyses were performed on three types of disturbed soil samples: (1) entire aggregates, (2) aggregates from which coatings were removed, and (3) clay-organic coatings. Sorption of atenolol onto material from coatings was slightly higher than that onto material from the inner parts of the aggregates. On the other hand, sorption of sulfamethoxazole onto material from the coatings was lower than that from the aggregate interior. Both associates with a dominant fraction of clay particles (that are mostly negatively charged) in the coatings in comparison to soil composition in interiors and thus larger cation exchange capacity, which increased sorption of the positively charged atenolol and decreased sorption of the negatively charged sulfamethoxazole. Sorption of carbamazepine, which was in neutral form, did not substantially differ. The sorption of all three compounds did not decrease due to the competition between these compounds for the same sorption sites when applied simultaneously. Atenolol sorption was similar for both applications. Sorption of sulfamethoxazole increased when applied in solution with the other two compounds in comparison to its negligible sorption measured for the single compound solution likely due to sorption of the positively charged molecules of atenolol onto the negatively charged surface of soil components and reduction of repulsion between the soil components and the negatively charged molecules of sulfamethoxazole. Carbamazepine sorption also increased probably due to ionization of molecules due to dipole - induced dipole interaction between non-polar and polar molecules in solution.  

Physical and water properties of Albeluvisols in the Silesian Lowland (SW Poland)

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Glina ◽  
Paweł Jezierski ◽  
Cezary Kabała
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Illuvial Horizon ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Sw Poland ◽  
Depth Water ◽  
North Eastern Part

AbstractSoil texture, bulk and specific density, total porosity, and the water capacity at pF 0.2.7 were measured in Albeluvisols with more or less pronounced lithological discontinuity. The soil pits were located in the north-eastern part of the Silesian Lowland, on the glacial plain built of till blanketed with cover materials of various origin, mainly sands. Distinct albeluvic tongues with sandy texture and strong stagnic color mosaic at the contact of eluvial and illuvial horizons were identified in all profiles under study. The lowest bulk density was measured in the plough layers, while the highest in subsoil EBw horizons or glossic E/Bt horizons. Total porosity was the largest in plough layers, rapidly decreased in subsoil E horizons and then back increased with depth. Water capacity (at each measured pF value) was strongly correlated mainly with clay content and rapidly raised in E/B horizons. The highest field water capacity was measured in E/Bt horizons at low albeluvic tonguing intensity, or in deeper parts of Bt horizon at larger intensity of albeluvic tonguing into the illuvial horizon. The easily available water stock in the upper 100 cm-thick column of Albeluvisols with lithological discontinuity depends mainly on the depth of transition of eluvial (coarser) and illuvial (finer-textured) zones, similarly to typical Luvisols with the same type of textural (lithological) variability in the soil profile.

Diagnosis of eluvial-illuvial profile differentiation processes in Pre-Carpathian soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-231
Author(s):  
Ivan Smaga
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Illuvial Horizon ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Genetic Features ◽  
Profile Distribution ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Important Sign ◽  
System Of Parameters

Elementary soil processes, as components of the soil-forming process, play an important role in the formation of morphological and genetic features of soils and are used for their genetic diagnosis. Eluvial-illuvial differentiation of the background profile for Precarpathian soils is due to the passage of processes from the group of eluvial, in particular podzolization, silting and gley-eluvial. The diagnostic criteria for these processes remain controversial and need further development. The article provides some justifications for their objectivity and reliability in identifying individual processes of soil formation and the results of establishing the genetic consequences of their passage. The formation of clay cutanes in the illuvion is considered to be an important sign of lessivage, but the presence of one and a half oxides may also indicate the passage of the processes of podzolization and in-soil clay forming According to another criterion - the presence of "optically oriented clays" in the illuvion is difficult to establish their migration path and the intensity of the lessivage process. Increasing the value of the ratio of silt content to the content of physical clay in the illuvial horizons compared to the eluvial horizons does not allow to distinguish the processes of podzolization and lessivage, and the same ratio in the illuvial horizon compared to the parent rock - lessivage and clay forming. Changes within the profile of the mineral part of the soil, which are reflected by the molecular ratios of SiO2:Al2O3 and eluvial-accumulative coefficients of aluminum, the values of silt and aluminum losses, also the profile distribution of montmorillonite are important criteria for the separation of loess and podzolization and indicate the decisive role of the latter in the formation of the profile differentiation of the soils of Precarpathians. Important criteria for gley-eluvial processes are higher losses from the upper podzolic illuminated of Fe2O3 layer than Al2O3, an increase in the molecular ratio of Al2O3:Fe2O3, the ratio of losses of Fe2O3 and Al2O3, also increase the criterion SiO2:Fe2O3/SiO2. Complementing the national system of parameters for the diagnosis and classification of soils with criteria that are characteristic of the substantive-genetic approach according to the WRB requires further study.

The impact of pine self-afforestation on podzolization process in semi-natural grassland areas of Volyn Polissya (Ukraine)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
V. Kozlovskyy ◽  
◽  
N. Romanyuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Illuvial Horizon ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Diagnostic Horizons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Natural Grassland

Background. Several theories have been proposed to explain the podzolization process. Currently, the role of organic matter in both weathering and immobilization in the illuvial horizon is clearly stated. The origin of soil organic matter and, accordingly, the various mechanisms of its influence on the soil material, create the basis of these theories. We assume that in the base-poor sandy soils under rich herbaceous vegetation with a well developed sod layer, the process of podzolization may also depend on CO2 soil formation agent . Materials and Methods. Four localities along a Pinus sylvestris L. self-afforestation chronosequence with pine stands of 10, 20, 40 yrs and an adjacent semi-natural grassland area were investigated in order to determine the patterns of podzolization process on sandy glacial till deposits. Soil pH, exchangeable base, soil cation exchange capacity, total content of soil organic carbon, amorphous Fe, Si and Al and total contents of Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, Na, K were determined. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using LibreOffice for Linux. Results. During the pine succession, a previously well differentiated into horizons podzolic soil under the grassland vegetation community gradually degrades. Previously well-defined albic and spodic diagnostic horizons disappear, the soil profile becomes more acidic, the soil organic carbon, the base cation content and the base cation saturation decrease, the leaching rate of aluminium and iron increases. Secondary podzolization features in the soil profiles were detected 40 years after the onset of afforestation. The podzolization has not been intensive enough to develop fully fledged albic and spodic diagnostic horizons over such a short period. Conclusions. Based on the obtained soil morphological, physical and chemical properties, three most important agents of podzolization are proposed as principal for the studied area. The main gent under pine forest is fulvic acids that are produced during coniferous litter decomposition. Low molecular weight organic acids and carbon dioxide produced to the rhizosphere by roots and a root associated microbiota are mainly involved in the podzolization process under the grassland ecosystem.

Humus condition of brownish-podzolic soils of the Pregorganian Precarpathians

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Stepan Malyk ◽  
Zinoviy Pankiv
Keyword(s):  
Humus Content ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Illuvial Horizon ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Humus Composition ◽  
Profile Distribution ◽  
Soil Forming Processes

The indicators of humus condition reflect not only the productivity of soils, but also the features of the genesis, intensity and direction of soil-forming processes. It was found that the brownish-podzolic soils of the Pregorganian Precarpathian region are characterized by a low content of humus (1 36-3.7%) within the NE gl horizon, and in the lower horizons its content decreases sharply. Profile distribution of humus is determined as regressive-accumulative type, which is typical for most soils with elluvial-illuvial type of profile. The content of humus in the silty fraction of the studied soils is 1.5-2.0 times higher in comparison with the fine soil, and within I (e) m gl of the horizon the accumulation of humus is established, which is due to the lessivage process. Brown-podzolic soils are characterized by fulvate type of humus (C ha: C fa = 0.2-0.5). The movement of fulvic acids within the profile, especially organo-mineral colloids, is caused by the lessivage process. Among fulvic acids, the fraction connected with the mineral part (FC-3) has the highest content, which increases with the depth from 17.6 to 35.1%. The enhance in the content of this fraction with depth is primarily due to the ability to migrate within the profile. It can cause both the movement of fulvic acids deep into the profile with their sorption on peptizing colloids, and the joint movement of organo-mineral peptized colloids in the profile. The highest level of humification (28.10–28.75%) have upper humus-elluvial horizons, because they create the best conditions for the intensive activity of microorganisms. The humus content in clay cutans is 1.5 times higher than in the contained illuvial horizon, which is caused by lessivage and clay granulometric distribution. The humus content in the nodules is lower (0.26%) in comparison with the contained horizon. The results of the optical density analysis indicate a decrease in the extinction index from NE g1 to I (e) m gl of the horizon, which correlates with the indicators of the profile distribution of humic acids, the total content of which decreases with the depth. Such characteristics of humus composition indicate the genetic affinity with brown forest soils.

The diagenesis of the Bryansk paleosol (MIS 3) in a suffusion micro-depression at the center of the Russian Upland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Sycheva ◽  
Olga Khokhlova
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Illuvial Horizon ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Fine Material ◽  
Mis 3 ◽  
Central Russian Upland

<p>A catena of the Holocene soils and interstadial Bryansk paleosol has been studied within a small closed depression in the Kazatskaya Steppe on the Central Russian Upland. This depression is located on the territory of the Central Chernozem Biospheric Reserve named after V.V. Alekhin, Kursk oblast, Russia and presumably originated from suffosion processes. The main objective of the work is to find out how the Bryansk paleosol (final phase of MIS 3) changes under the influence of not only the cryogenesis of the Valdai glaciation maximum (MIS 2), but also Holocene soil formation (MIS 1) under different conditions of the modern microrelief within the studied catena. We studied the macro- and micromorphological characteristics, certain physical and chemical properties of the Bryansk paleosol on one hand and those of the superimposed Holocene soil on another, taking into consideration various conditions of the present-day microrelief. The studied catena is a typical component of the landscape and soil cover structure for watersheds of the Central Russian Upland. On the micro-elevation rising 80 cm above the micro-depression bottom, theHaplic Chernozems are developed, on the slope – the Luvic Chernozems, and at the bottom – theStagnic Chernozems. The change of the "normal" profile of paleosol of warm interstadial in final phase of MIS 3 started already in the last stages of its formation. The Bryansk soil is heavily deformed by cryogenic processes during the Valday glaciation maximum (the Vladimir cryogenic horizon, MIS 2). The secondary diagenesis of the Bryansk paleosol is related to the Holocene soil-forming processes. The Holocene soils are superimposed on the Middle Valday Bryansk paleosol, transforming it in different ways in different sectors of catena. On micro-elevation the Holocene diagenesis is minimal and consists in fragmentation by mesofauna, additional penetration of carbonates in the upper horizon of the paleosol. The micromorphological analysis showed that the fragmentation of soil mass by mezofauna is very significant, humus is abundant in the form of brown spots (organo-mineral complexes), and calcite is completely immersed into the clay fine material. The largest in size but rare grains of sparite have an unusual shape and probably biogenic origin. At the bottom of the micro-depression the Bryansk paleosol is the most transformed, and the entire profile of the Bryansk soil turned into illuvial horizon of the Holocene meadow-chernozem soil. At the micro-level of observation the clay fine material of the Bryansk soil is strongly consolidated (close c/f related distribution), has signs of anisotropy: circular, grano- and crosstriated b-fabric, the mineral grains are almost invisible and have the dimension of fine dust, very thin Fe- clay coatings in the pores, Fe spots are scattered over the fine clay material, and very characteristic of the presence of many black and sometimes transparent with a black border cube-shaped minerals (whewellite, weddellite?) which fill plant residues in the pores. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research; project N 19-29-05024 mk.</p>

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