scholarly journals Residential Segregation in a Highly Unequal Society: Istanbul in the 2000s

2021 ◽  
pp. 293-309
Author(s):  
Oğuz Işık
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Economic Segregation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The City

AbstractContrary to trends in many European countries, income inequality in Turkey, measured by the Gini coefficient, has declined between 1994 and 2014, with a small but consistent increase since then. Turkish income inequality is among the highest in OECD countries, with levels not lower than 0.4. This chapter will examine residential socio-economic segregation in Istanbul against the backdrop of this relatively stable and high-income inequality. The chapter shows signs that residential segregation is on the rise. Istanbul has undergone a radical change in the 2000s thanks to active intervention by the state in the real estate market by opening up large pieces of land in the outskirts and gentrifying inner-city areas once occupied by unauthorized settlements that once were home to the poor. Dynamics of urban development, fueled by rapid urban sprawl in peri-urban areas and ceaseless gentrification of inner-city areas, gave way to diverse patterns of segregation depending on the already existing divisions and physical geography of cities. Given the lack of neighbourhood level data on either occupations or income, this chapter analyses segregation through indices based on fertility and educational level, which we know from detailed household microdata are closely correlated with income. On the basis of 2000 and 2017 neighbourhood data, we show that in Istanbul, there is a clearly visible pattern where the poor are progressively pushed further to the city limits, while some parts of built-up areas once home to middle classes, were recaptured by the poor. The result in some parts of the city is a juxtaposition of seemingly conflicting patterns: parts of the inner city were reclaimed by the poor while some parts were gentrified led by the nascent urban elite. The urban periphery was partly occupied by the bourgeoning middle classes and was also home to the urban poor who were displaced by urban transformation projects.

Turkish-Style Segregation

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ela Ataç
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The West ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Economic Segregation ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Shed Light

Research into social and spatial segregation in urban areas has a very long tradition in the Anglo-Saxon geography. Even after the 2000s only a few researchers have turned to the non-Western countries to understand and explain segregation in different geographies. As a country in-between the East and the West, in Turkey, where segregation reveals itself in many forms there are very few studies dealing directly with the question of segregation. The article thus deems it crucial to shed light on a rarely-known geography in terms of residential and socio-economic segregation practices focusing on a larger Anatolian geography. Key findings show that as far as residential segregation is concerned among socio-economic status groups, Turkish cities have a characteristic pattern where the highest and the lowest status groups never share a common border in urban areas. But, it is also seen that socio-economic groups behind this common pattern exhibit completely different characteristics.

scholarly journals The institution and the city: the impact of hospitals and workhouses on the development of Dublin's north inner city, c. 1773–1911

Urban History ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-688
Author(s):  
Katherine Fennelly
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Industry And Commerce ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

AbstractCities develop around industry, markets and transport links. Dublin in the nineteenth century was similar, but additionally the north-west of the city developed around the expansion of a complex of institutional buildings for the reception, confinement and welfare of the poor and sick. This article argues that these institutions were implicit in the development of the modern city in the same way as industry and commerce. The physical development of the buildings altered and defined both the streetscape and, over time, the social identities and historical communities in the locale, in the same way that industrial development defined urban areas.

scholarly journals Mapping the Boston Poor: Inmates of the Boston Almshouse, 1795–1801

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Wallis Herndon ◽  
Amilcar E. Challú
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Geographical Mobility ◽  
The Poor ◽  
To Come ◽  
The City ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
North End

Documentary and geographical evidence about Boston from 1795 to 1801 reveals distinct patterns in poor people's use of the Boston Almshouse and in their areas of residence within the city. A much higher percentage of Almshouse inmates came from Boston's densely populated North End than from less urban areas with lower population densities. They clustered in distinctive ways—immigrants tending to come from districts close to commercial and shipping areas, and women and families from the outskirts of town. Recurrent users of the almshouse were highly mobile, likely to have changed their ward of residence at least once from 1795 to 1801. This geographical mobility on the part of the poor continuously recreated the city and challenged the contours of class and tradition.

scholarly journals MUMBAI

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Rosengaard
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Life Strategies ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Suburban Life ◽  
The City

The last ten years of growth in the Indian economy has nurtured dreams of the ‘good life’ among both the rich and the poor in the city of Mumbai (Bombay). The city and the home are important scenes in which the realizations of this metropolis’ 16 million inhabitants are played out. Whilst the middle classes, to an ever growing extent, realize dreams of the good life, inspired by the tranquil suburban life of the Western middle-class, the underclass must employ other life strategies in their attempt to turn dreams into reality.  

scholarly journals Income Inequality and Socio-economic Segregation in the City of Johannesburg

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-109
Author(s):  
Richard Ballard ◽  
Christian Hamann
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Unemployed People ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
Economic Segregation ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Paradoxical Finding ◽  
The City ◽  
White Suburbs

AbstractThis chapter analyses income inequality and socio-economic segregation in South Africa’s most populous city, Johannesburg. The end of apartheid’s segregation in 1991 has been followed by both continuity and change of urban spatial patterns. There is a considerable literature on the transformation of inner-city areas from white to black, and of the steady diffusion of black middle-class residents into once ‘white’ suburbs. There has been less analysis on the nature and pace of socio-economic mixing. Four key findings from this chapter are as follows. First, dissimilarity indices show that bottom occupation categories and the unemployed are highly segregated from top occupation categories, but that the degree of segregation has decreased slightly between the censuses of 2001 and 2011. Second, the data quantifies the way in which Johannesburg’s large population of unemployed people are more segregated from top occupations than any of the other employment categories, although unemployed people are less segregated from bottom occupations. Third, over the same period, residents employed in bottom occupations are less likely to be represented in affluent former white suburbs. This seemingly paradoxical finding is likely to have resulted from fewer affluent households accommodating their domestic workers on their properties. Fourth, although most post-apartheid public housing projects have not disrupted patterns of socio-economic segregation, some important exceptions do show the enormous capacity of public housing to transform the spatial structure of the city.

scholarly journals Racial residential segregation and economic disparity jointly exacerbate the COVID-19 fatality in large American cities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinggang Yu ◽  
Cristina Salvador ◽  
Irene Melani ◽  
Martha Berg ◽  
Enrique Neblett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Structural Inequality ◽  
Racial Residential Segregation ◽  
Economic Disparity ◽  
The U.S

The disproportionately high rates of both infections and deaths of underprivileged racial minorities in the U.S. (including Blacks and Hispanics) during the current COVID-19 pandemic show that structural inequality can be lethal. However, the nature of this structural inequality is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that two structural features of urban areas in the U.S. (racial residential segregation and income inequality) contribute to numerous health-compromising conditions, which, in turn, exacerbate COVID-19 fatalities. These two features may be particularly lethal when combined. To test this hypothesis, we examined the growth rate of both confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths in an early 30-day period of the outbreak in the counties located in each of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. The growth curve for cases and deaths was steeper in counties located in metropolitan areas that residentially segregate Blacks and Hispanics. Moreover, this effect of racial residential segregation was augmented by income inequality within each county. The current evidence highlights the role of racial and economic disparity in producing the devastating human toll in the current pandemic. It also offers important policy implications for making virus-resilient cities.

scholarly journals Cancer Incidence and Multilevel Measures of Residential Economic and Racial Segregation for Cancer Registries

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Krieger ◽  
Justin M Feldman ◽  
Rockli Kim ◽  
Pamela D Waterman
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Census Tract ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Economic Segregation ◽  
Census Tract Level ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
The City

Abstract Background The handful of studies (<30) on cancer and residential segregation have focused on racial segregation, primarily at the city/town level. We tested a priori hypotheses about choice of measure and level by extending use of the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) to quantify both economic and racial residential segregation, singly and combined, and conducted analyses for the total population and stratified by race/ethnicity. Methods Outcomes comprised Massachusetts incidence rates (2010–2014) for invasive breast, cervical, and lung cancer, analyzed in relation to census tract and city/town ICE measures for income, race/ethnicity, race/ethnicity + income, and the federal poverty line. Multilevel Poisson regression modeled observed counts of incident cases. Results Both choice of metric and level mattered. As illustrated by cervical cancer, in models including both the census tract and city/town levels, the rate ratio for the worst to best quintile for the total population was greatest at the census tract level for the ICE for racialized economic segregation (3.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.1 to 4.3) and least for the poverty measure (1.9, 95% CI = 1.4 to 2.6), with null associations at the city/town level. In analogous models with both levels for lung cancer, however, for the non-Hispanic black and Hispanic populations, the rate ratios for, respectively, the ICE and poverty measures, were larger (and excluded 1) at the city/town compared with the census tract level. Conclusions Our study suggests that the ICE for racialized economic segregation, at multiple levels, can be used to improve monitoring and analysis of cancer inequities.

WELFARE PROVISION IN OXFORD DURING THE LATTER STAGES OF THE OLD POOR LAW, 1800–1834

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD DYSON
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Poor Law ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Welfare Systems ◽  
Varied Range ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The City

ABSTRACTWhile recent research in the English context on the so-called ‘economy of makeshifts’ has demonstrated the importance of alternative welfare options outside of the poor law, less work has been conducted on the situation in larger towns and cities. This article seeks to remedy this imbalance by examining the different welfare systems available in one city, Oxford, during the early nineteenth century. Poor law provision in the city, while extensive, was significantly less per capita than in rural parts of Oxfordshire. There was a high degree of charitable provision, not only from the continued survival of endowed charity, but also from the creation of newer subscription charities. The contribution made by charity to medical provision for the poor was especially significant, as was the role of emergency subscriptions in alleviating short-term economic and other crises. With such a varied range of assistance, traditional assumptions concerning the importance of the poor law in urban areas may require revision, with implications not only for the scale and measurement of poverty, but also for the ways in which both poor and wealthy alike managed and negotiated the supply of welfare.

PERSEPSI DAN MOTIVASI RELAWAN DALAM PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM NASIONAL PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MANDIRI PERKOTAAN

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirmala Binti Marfin ◽  
Djuara P. Lubis
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
School Level ◽  
High School Level ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The City ◽  
Poor Communities

<em><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Indonesia is a developing country which has focused on development. The development and acceleration of economic growth that occurred in Indonesia has not been evenly distributed in every province. This gives rise to a phenomenon of population movement (migration) occurring in rural communities who migrate to urban areas which eventually give rise to a phenomenon of urban poverty. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of poor communities urban areas and to identify social representations about the city in poor communities in urban areas. The characteristics of poor communities are generally aged between under 25 to more than 54 years old, the majority of respondents are women, and generally work in the informal sector. The level of education of respondents are elementary school level (SD) or equivalent to high school level (high school) or equivalent. The income that can be obtained by poor communities were Rp. 100.000.00 up to Rp.1.500.000.00 per month. Overall poor communities did rural-urban migration between 1970 until 2010. The reason was to find a job, looking for experience, come to join her parents and husband, and generally they spent a time in a location was between 1 to 30 years. The frequency of returning home is zero to more than 4 times in the past year. Most of them do not choose the location as the first residence in the city. There are 4 kinds of type of social representations about the city and the poor. The dominant type of social representations about city is type a place to earn money. Beside that, the dominant type of social representations about the poor is underprivileged person.</span></em>

scholarly journals The Use of Vibra Engine to Enhance Batako Industrial Quality at Urban Area

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Totok Dwi Kuryanto ◽  
Irawati Irawati ◽  
Nanang Saiful Rizal
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Concrete Compressive Strength ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
The City

The main objective of the Technology for the Society (IbM) is aimed at addressing the main problems faced by approximately 200 urban poor, namely: (1) The location of the residence located on the edge of the city with a distance society of about 10 km from urban areas. (2) Low economic level or low income about Rp.600.000 / month so it can not meet the basic needs and lift the economy of the surrounding community. The specific target in this IbM program is to apply Batako engine utilization technology to improve the quality and quantity of local Batako production of marginalized urban communities which originally produced only Batako blocks of about 200 seeds to 1000 seeds per day and increased concrete compressive strength. from 175 Kg / cm2 to 225 Kg / cm2, thereby increasing employment for the surrounding communities and increasing the income of business actors and partner workers. The method of implementation to solve the problems of the program partners of IbM is to increase the added value of community income through the utilization of Batako chili type which includes the stages: (a) Thesocialization of Batako IbM program; (b) Preparing social prerequisites, such as strengthening rural community groups, groups and forums as a medium to meet and solve problems faced by farmers or the poor; (c) Implementation of Batako IbM program, supported by related institutions (Dinas Cipta Karya Kabupaten Lumajang and University (Faculty of Engineering, Muhammadiyah University of Jember), and (d) Monitoring, evaluation and reporting.

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