Neural Injury Mechanisms

AbstractWhen it comes to examining the brachial plexus, ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are complementary investigations. US is well placed for screening most extraforaminal pathologies, whereas MRI is more sensitive and accurate for specific clinical indications. For example, MRI is probably the preferred technique for assessment of trauma because it enables a thorough evaluation of both the intraspinal and extraspinal elements, although US can depict extraforaminal neural injury with a high level of accuracy. Conversely, US is probably the preferred technique for examination of neurologic amyotrophy because a more extensive involvement beyond the brachial plexus is the norm, although MRI is more sensitive than US for evaluating muscle denervation associated with this entity. With this synergy in mind, this review highlights the tips for examining the brachial plexus with US and MRI.

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Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Mechanisms, Types and Biomarkers

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867311320240006 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (24) ◽

pp. 3011-3021 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

M. Vinken ◽

M. Maes ◽

T. Vanhaecke ◽

V. Rogiers

Keyword(s):

Liver Injury ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Drug Induced Liver Injury ◽

Injury Mechanisms

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Methods for epidemiological studies in competitive cycling: an extension of the IOC consensus statement on methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2020-103906 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. bjsports-2020-103906

Author(s):

Benjamin Clarsen ◽

Babette M Pluim ◽

Víctor Moreno-Pérez ◽

Xavier Bigard ◽

Cheri Blauwet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Consensus Statement ◽

Expert Panel ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Population Characteristics ◽

Exposure Study ◽

Injury Mechanisms ◽

Study Population ◽

Final Manuscript ◽

Collection Methods

In 2020, the IOC released a consensus statement that provides overall guidelines for the recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport. Some aspects of this statement need to be further specified on a sport-by-sport basis. To extend the IOC consensus statement on methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sports and to meet the sport-specific requirements of all cycling disciplines regulated by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). A panel of 20 experts, all with experience in cycling or cycling medicine, participated in the drafting of this cycling-specific extension of the IOC consensus statement. In preparation, panel members were sent the IOC consensus statement, the first draft of this manuscript and a list of topics to be discussed. The expert panel met in July 2020 for a 1-day video conference to discuss the manuscript and specific topics. The final manuscript was developed in an iterative process involving all panel members. This paper extends the IOC consensus statement to provide cycling-specific recommendations on health problem definitions, mode of onset, injury mechanisms and circumstances, diagnosis classifications, exposure, study population characteristics and data collection methods. Recommendations apply to all UCI cycling disciplines, for both able-bodied cyclists and para-cyclists. The recommendations presented in this consensus statement will improve the consistency and accuracy of future epidemiological studies of injury and illness in cycling.

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Pathomechanisms in the Kidneys in Selected Protozoan Parasitic Infections

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22084209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 4209

Author(s):

Karolina Kot ◽

Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk ◽

Michał Ptak ◽

Aleksandra Łanocha ◽

Elżbieta Kalisińska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Toxoplasma Gondii ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Injury Mechanisms ◽

Kidney Involvement ◽

Leishmania Spp ◽

Apoptosis Process ◽

Insight Into

Leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, and acanthamoebiasis are protozoan parasitic infections. They remain important contributors to the development of kidney disease, which is associated with increased patients’ morbidity and mortality. Kidney injury mechanisms are not fully understood in protozoan parasitic diseases, bringing major difficulties to specific therapeutic interventions. The aim of this review is to present the biochemical and molecular mechanisms in kidneys infected with Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Acanthamoeba spp. We present available mechanisms of an immune response, oxidative stress, apoptosis process, hypoxia, biomarkers of renal injury in the serum or urine, and the histopathological changes of kidneys infected with the selected parasites. Pathomechanisms of Leishmania spp. and Plasmodium spp. infections have been deeply investigated, while Toxoplasma gondii and Acanthamoeba spp. infections in the kidneys are not well known yet. Deeper knowledge of kidney involvement in leishmaniasis and malaria by presenting their mechanisms provides insight into how to create novel and effective treatments. Additionally, the presented work shows gaps in the pathophysiology of renal toxoplasmosis and acanthamoebiasis, which need further research.

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Macrophage depletion alters the blood–nerve barrier without affecting Schwann cell function after neural injury

Journal of Neuroscience Research ◽

10.1002/jnr.21166 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 85 (4) ◽

pp. 766-777 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Michael Gray ◽

Winnie Palispis ◽

Phillip G. Popovich ◽

Nico van Rooijen ◽

Ranjan Gupta

Keyword(s):

Schwann Cell ◽

Cell Function ◽

Neural Injury ◽

Macrophage Depletion

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Epidemiology of Clavicle Fractures Sustained at a Colorado Ski Resort

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/23259671211006722 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 232596712110067

Author(s):

Lauren Oberle ◽

Lauren Pierpoint ◽

Jack Spittler ◽

Morteza Khodaee

Keyword(s):

Medical Center ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Clavicle Fracture ◽

Sports Injury ◽

Common Mechanism ◽

Ski Resort ◽

Incidence Data ◽

Injury Mechanisms ◽

Fracture Diagnosis ◽

Clavicle Fractures

Background: Although clavicle fractures are a common sports injury, there are limited studies on the incidence and causes of clavicle fractures among winter sports athletes. Purpose: To evaluate the characteristics and injury mechanisms associated with clavicle fractures among patients evaluated at a Colorado ski resort. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive analysis of patients with clavicle fractures at the Denver Health Winter Park Medical Center during the 2012-2013 to 2016-2017 ski seasons. Chart review was performed on the patient cohort to confirm clavicle fracture diagnosis and to evaluate factors associated with clavicle fracture. Results: A total of 393 clavicle fractures (6.2% of total clinic visits) occurred during the study period, corresponding to an overall clavicle fracture incidence of 8.4 per 100,000 participant-visits. The mean patient age was 26.4 years (range, 5-73 years). The majority were middle-third fractures (85.5%), occurring mainly in men (87.3%). More than half of the fractures were comminuted (54.5%) and occurred in snowboarders (55.0%). The most common mechanism of injury was a fall onto snow while skiing or snowboarding (92.4%). Women sustained more clavicle fractures while skiing compared with snowboarding (82.0% vs 18.0%; P < .001), while men sustained more fractures while snowboarding compared with skiing (60.3% vs 39.7%; P < .001). Conclusion: Clavicle fractures are relatively common, but there are scant incidence data for clavicle fractures in mountain sports. Consistent with prior studies, clavicle fractures were more common in younger patients and men. The most common anatomic fracture location was the midclavicle. A greater proportion of clavicle fractures among men were sustained during snowboarding and among women during skiing.

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Built to Last: Functional and Structural Mechanisms in the Moth Olfactory Network Mitigate Effects of Neural Injury

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11040462 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 462

Author(s):

Charles B. Delahunt ◽

Pedro D. Maia ◽

J. Nathan Kutz

Keyword(s):

Brain Injuries ◽

Hebbian Learning ◽

Neuronal Damage ◽

Neural Systems ◽

Network Motifs ◽

Neural Firing ◽

Neural Injury ◽

Axonal Pathology ◽

Structural Mechanisms ◽

Axonal Swellings

Most organisms suffer neuronal damage throughout their lives, which can impair performance of core behaviors. Their neural circuits need to maintain function despite injury, which in particular requires preserving key system outputs. In this work, we explore whether and how certain structural and functional neuronal network motifs act as injury mitigation mechanisms. Specifically, we examine how (i) Hebbian learning, (ii) high levels of noise, and (iii) parallel inhibitory and excitatory connections contribute to the robustness of the olfactory system in the Manduca sexta moth. We simulate injuries on a detailed computational model of the moth olfactory network calibrated to data. The injuries are modeled on focal axonal swellings, a ubiquitous form of axonal pathology observed in traumatic brain injuries and other brain disorders. Axonal swellings effectively compromise spike train propagation along the axon, reducing the effective neural firing rate delivered to downstream neurons. All three of the network motifs examined significantly mitigate the effects of injury on readout neurons, either by reducing injury’s impact on readout neuron responses or by restoring these responses to pre-injury levels. These motifs may thus be partially explained by their value as adaptive mechanisms to minimize the functional effects of neural injury. More generally, robustness to injury is a vital design principle to consider when analyzing neural systems.

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Downregulation of miR-383 reduces depression-like behavior through targeting Wnt family member 2 (Wnt2) in rats

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88560-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shanshan Liu ◽

Qing Liu ◽

Yanjie Ju ◽

Lei Liu

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Response ◽

Family Member ◽

Chronic Stress ◽

Hippocampal Neurons ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Mild Stress ◽

Neural Injury ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Qrt Pcr

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the role of miR-383 in the regulation of Wnt-2 signaling in the rat model of chronic stress. The male SD rats with depressive-like behaviors were stimulated with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) including ice-water swimming for 5 min, food deprivation for 24 h, water deprivation for 24 h, stimulating tail for 1 min, turning night into day, shaking for 15 min (once/s), and wrap restraint (5 min/time) every day for 21 days. The expression levels of miRNAs were detected by qRT-PCR, and the expression levels of Wnt2, depression-impacted proteins (GFAP, BDNF, CREB), brain neurotransmitters (5-HT, NE, DA) and apoptosis-related proteins (Bax and Bcl-2) were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blot. Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assay were performed to determine the relationship between miR-383 and Wnt2. Ethological analysis was evaluated by sugar preference test, refuge island test and open field tests. Rescue experiments including knockdown of miR-383, overexpression and silencing of Wnt2 were performed to determine the role of miR-383. High expression levels of miR-383 were observed in the hippocampus of rats submitted to CUMS model. Downregulation of miR-383 significantly inhibited the apoptosis and inflammatory response of hippocampal neurons, and increased the expression levels of GFAP, BDNF and CREB which were impacted in depression, as well as neurotransmitters, then attenuated neural injury in rats induced by CUMS. Furthermore, Wnt family member 2 (Wnt2) was identified as a target of miR-383, and silencing of Wnt2 obviously attenuated the protective effect of miR-383 inhibitor on the apoptosis and inflammatory response in hippocampal neurons, as well as neural injury in CUMS-induced rats. Downregulation of miR-383 ameliorated the behavioral and neurochemical changes induced by chronic stress in rats by directly targeting Wnt2, indicating that the miR-383/Wnt2 axis might be a potential therapeutic target for MDD.

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