Flowers and Male Reproductive Structures

Plant Anatomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 579-613
Author(s):  
Richard Crang ◽  
Sheila Lyons-Sobaski ◽  
Robert Wise
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Structures

Freeze substitution fixation of fungal reproductive structures and spores

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 990-991
Author(s):  
C. W. Mims ◽  
E. A. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Chemical Fixation ◽  
Dialysis Membrane ◽  
Razor Blade ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Diamond Knife

The advantages of freeze substitution fixation over conventional chemical fixation for preservation of ultrastructural details in fungi have been discussed by various authors. As most ascomycetes, basidiomycetes and deuteromycetes do not fix well using conventional chemical fixation protocols, freeze substitution has attracted the attention of many individuals interested in fungal ultrastructure. Thus far most workers using this technique on fungi have concentrated on thin walled somatic hyphae. However, in our laboratory we have experimented with the use of freeze substitution on a variety of fungal reproductive structures and spores with promising results.Here we present data on freeze substituted samples of sporangia of the zygomycete Umbellopsis vinacea, basidia of Exobasidium camelliae var. gracilis, developing teliospores of the smut Sporisorium sorghi, germinating teliospores of the rust Gymnosporangium clavipes, germinating conidia of the deuteromycete Cercosporidium personatum, and developing ascospores of Ascodesmis nigricans.Spores of G. clavipes and C. personatum were deposited on moist pieces of sterile dialysis membrane where they hydrated and germinated. Asci of A. nigricans developed on pieces of dialysis membrane lying on nutrient agar plates. U. vinacea was cultured on small pieces of agar-coated wire. In the plant pathogens E. camelliae var. gracilis and S. sorghi, a razor blade was used to remove smal1 pieces of infected host issue. All samples were plunged directly into liquid propane and processed for study according to Hoch.l Samples on dialysis membrane were flat embedded. Serial thin sections were cut using a diamond knife, collected on slot grids, and allowed to dry down onto Formvar coated aluminum racks. Sections were post stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

Taxonomic Treatment of the Tillandsia utriculata Complex (Bromeliaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-323
Author(s):  
Juan P. Pinzón ◽  
Ivón M. Ramírez-Morillo ◽  
Germán Carnevali ◽  
Walter Till ◽  
Derek Butcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Taxonomic Treatment ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Taxonomic Information

The taxonomic treatment of the 18 species composing the Tillandsia utriculata L. complex s.l. is presented. A description and a diagnosis of the group are provided, as well as two artificial keys to species, each emphasizing characters from living plants or from exsiccatae, respectively. Complete taxonomic information is given, including taxonomic citation, synonymy, etymology or eponimy, description, specimens examined, phenology, nomenclatural notes, relationships and diagnostic characters, variation, ecology and distribution, together with plates of living plants and vegetative and reproductive structures, as well as maps of distribution.

Status of Family Fissidentaceae in Gujarat

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Shah ◽  
D.N. Mehta ◽  
R.V. Gujar
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Species ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Vegetative Characters ◽  
First Time ◽  
Different Parts

Bryophytes are the second largest group of land plants and are also known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom. 67 species of bryophytes have been reported from select locations across the state of Gujrat. The status of family fissidentaceae which is a large moss family is being presented in this paper. Globally the family consists of 10 genera but only one genus, Fissidens Hedw. has been collected from Gujarat. Fissidens is characterized by a unique leaf structure and shows the presence of three distinct lamina, the dorsal, the ventral and the vaginant lamina. A total of 8 species of Fissidens have been reported from the state based on vegetative characters as no sporophyte stages were collected earlier. Species reported from the neighboring states also showed the absence of sporophytes. The identification of different species was difficult due to substantial overlap in vegetative characters. Hence a detailed study on the diversity of members of Fissidentaceae in Gujarat was carried out between November 2013 and February 2015. In present study 8 distinct species of Fissidens have been collected from different parts of the state. Three species Fissidens splachnobryoides Broth., Fissidens zollingerii Mont. and Fissidens curvato-involutus Dixon. have been identified while the other five are still to be identified. Fissidens zollingerii Mont. and Fissidens xiphoides M. Fleisch., which have been reported as distinct species are actually synonyms according to TROPICOS database. The presence of sexual reproductive structures and sporophytes for several Fissidens species are also being reported for the first time from the state.

scholarly journals The Rab Geranylgeranyl Transferase Beta Subunit Is Essential for Embryo and Seed Development in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7907
Author(s):  
Joanna Rojek ◽  
Matthew R. Tucker ◽  
Michał Rychłowski ◽  
Julita Nowakowska ◽  
Małgorzata Gutkowska
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Rab Proteins ◽  
Vesicular Traffic ◽  
Polar Localization ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Autonomous Endosperm ◽  
Endosperm Formation ◽  
Geranylgeranyl Transferase ◽  
Unfertilized Ovules

Auxin is a key regulator of plant development affecting the formation and maturation of reproductive structures. The apoplastic route of auxin transport engages influx and efflux facilitators from the PIN, AUX and ABCB families. The polar localization of these proteins and constant recycling from the plasma membrane to endosomes is dependent on Rab-mediated vesicular traffic. Rab proteins are anchored to membranes via posttranslational addition of two geranylgeranyl moieties by the Rab Geranylgeranyl Transferase enzyme (RGT), which consists of RGTA, RGTB and REP subunits. Here, we present data showing that seed development in the rgtb1 mutant, with decreased vesicular transport capacity, is disturbed. Both pre- and post-fertilization events are affected, leading to a decrease in seed yield. Pollen tube recognition at the stigma and its guidance to the micropyle is compromised and the seed coat forms incorrectly. Excess auxin in the sporophytic tissues of the ovule in the rgtb1 plants leads to an increased tendency of autonomous endosperm formation in unfertilized ovules and influences embryo development in a maternal sporophytic manner. The results show the importance of vesicular traffic for sexual reproduction in flowering plants, and highlight RGTB1 as a key component of sporophytic-filial signaling.

scholarly journals The Relationship between AGAMOUS and Cytokinin Signaling in the Establishment of Carpeloid Features

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 827
Author(s):  
Andrea Gómez-Felipe ◽  
Daniel Kierzkowski ◽  
Stefan de Folter
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Type B ◽  
Cytokinin Signaling ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Carpel Development ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gynoecium Development

Gynoecium development is dependent on gene regulation and hormonal pathway interactions. The phytohormones auxin and cytokinin are involved in many developmental programs, where cytokinin is normally important for cell division and meristem activity, while auxin induces cell differentiation and organ initiation in the shoot. The MADS-box transcription factor AGAMOUS (AG) is important for the development of the reproductive structures of the flower. Here, we focus on the relationship between AG and cytokinin in Arabidopsis thaliana, and use the weak ag-12 and the strong ag-1 allele. We found that cytokinin induces carpeloid features in an AG-dependent manner and the expression of the transcription factors CRC, SHP2, and SPT that are involved in carpel development. AG is important for gynoecium development, and contributes to regulating, or else directly regulates CRC, SHP2, and SPT. All four genes respond to either reduced or induced cytokinin signaling and have the potential to be regulated by cytokinin via the type-B ARR proteins. We generated a model of a gene regulatory network, where cytokinin signaling is mainly upstream and in parallel with AG activity.

scholarly journals Inconclusive evidence of sexual reproduction of invasive Halophila stipulacea: a new field guide to encourage investigation of flower and fruit production throughout its invasive range

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 537-540
Author(s):  
Fee O.H. Smulders ◽  
Kelcie L. Chiquillo ◽  
Demian A. Willette ◽  
Paul H. Barber ◽  
Marjolijn J.A. Christianen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Clonal Growth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Invasive Range ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Halophila Stipulacea ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Low Rate

AbstractThe dioecious seagrass species Halophila stipulacea reproduces mainly through fast clonal growth, underlying its invasive behavior. Here, we provide morphological evidence to show that the first findings of fruits in the Caribbean were misidentified. Consequently, H. stipulacea reproduction is likely still only asexual in the Caribbean. Therefore, we introduce an identification key of H. stipulacea reproductive structures to encourage careful identification and quantification throughout its invasive range. Until large-scale seed production in invaded habitats is reported, the apparent low rate of sexual reproduction needs to be considered in current studies investigating the invasion capacity of this species.

Developmental morphology and anatomy of the reproductive structures in sunflower (Helianthus annuus): a unified temporal scale

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.I. Lindström ◽  
L.F. Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Growing Conditions

In sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), there has been an intense genetic selection for achenes with agronomic value, such as greater mass, oil content, and disease resistance. However, the information regarding the anatomical events that control their growth and maturation is surprisingly scarce. The aim of the present work was to study sunflower male and female sporogenesis and gametogenesis, as well as cell division and enlargement and tissue differentiation in the ovary and the embryo, linking the timing of these events to two frequently used phenological scales and a thermal time scale. In addition, we propose an ontogenetic scale that integrates the results of the present work to that of previous studies on sunflower reproductive development. The unified scales presented here provide a framework for others to investigate the relationships uncovered in this study in different genetic backgrounds and under different growing conditions.

Oospore dimensions and wall ornamentation in Chara braunii

Biologia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrycja Boszke ◽  
Mariusz Pełechaty ◽  
Andrzej Pukacz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Polar Axis ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Cylindrical Shape ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Equatorial Diameter ◽  
Variable Character ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractMorphological features of oospores of a rarely noted species Chara braunii Gmel. were examined in a local population (fishpond near Tuplice village, Ziemia Lubuska region, mid-western Poland). The largest polar axis (LPA, length), largest equatorial diameter (LED, width), isopolarity index (ISI = LPA/LED* 100), and the number of ridges and width of fossa of 90 oospores were measured. Additionally, the oospore wall ornamentation pattern was examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result, a cylindrical shape and the lack of so-called “shoulder” were found. Oospore length and width ranged between 466.8–600.1 µm and 250.1–366.7 µm, respectively, with the ISI index values between 148 and 213. The number of ridges was 8–10 and the width of fossa varied between 50.0 and 66.7 µm. The oospore width appeared to be the most changeable feature, whereas, by contrast, the number of ridges was the least variable character. Wall ornamentation can be described as tuberculate and a ribbon was present on the ridges. As a comparative material for the study performed, 9 oospores from Professor Izabela Dąmbska’s Collection of Charophytes of Poland were measured. It was evidenced that variation ranges of most of the features of Chara braunii oospores from Tuplice fishpond are similar to those of Professor Dąmbska’s herbarium materials and to data reported by authors from other countries as well. The morphology of reproductive structures does not follow the variation of thalli characteristics.

Flavonoids in seeds and grains: physiological function, agronomic importance and the genetics of biosynthesis

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Winkel Shirley
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Reproductive Structures

AbstractFlavonoids are secondary metabolites that are present at high levels in most plant seeds and grains. These compounds appear to play vital roles in defence against pathogens and predators and contribute to physiological functions such as seed maturation and dormancy. At the same time, particular subclasses of flavonoids, such as the proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), negatively impact the use of seeds and grains in animal feed and can add undesirable qualities to food products for human consumption. This article presents an overview of investigations into the physiological and agronomic aspects of seed and grain flavonoids as well as a review of molecular genetic studies, particularly in maize,Arabidopsisand soybean, where mutants deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis provide useful tools for stydying the metabolic machinery underlying the accumulation of these compounds in reproductive structures.

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