Latin American Schoolchildren Anthropometry: Study of the Anthropometric Differences of the Rural and Urban Zones in Cotopaxi, Ecuador

O espaço rural brasileiro tem uma dimensão socioespacial, onde localizam atores sociais que historicamente constroem/ reconstroem sua realidade. Para sua análise predominam duas concepções: a normativa/demográfica, que não é utilizada pelo poder público brasileiro, mas usada nas análises por pesquisadores brasileiros, e é o critério que define o espaço rural em vários países europeus e latino-americanos; e a sociológica. Para sua melhor compreensão, partiu-se da origem dos municípios brasileiros, que vem do modelo da República Romana, de onde foi para a Península Ibérica, e o governo colonial português transpôs para cá. Quanto às normas jurídicas que delimitam seu perímetro urbano, vigoram desde o Estado Novo, por meio do vigente Decreto-Lei 318, de 1938; portanto, a delimitação do espaço rural e urbano normativamente é anacrônica e anômala. Na conclusão apresentam- se notas preliminares de uma nova tipologia para os municípios rurais brasileiros. The physical borders of the rural space: a demographic-normative conception Abstract The Brazilian rural space has a partner-dimension where social actors are located. These actors have built/rebuilt the reality. For the analysis of the rural space there are two main conceptions: normative/demographic, which is not used by the Brazilian public sector, but is used by Brazilian researchers, and it is the criterion used to define the rural space in several European and Latin American countries; and the sociological one. For better understanding, this analysis starts with the origin of Brazilian municipal districts, which were originated from the Roman Republic model, used in the Iberian Peninsula, and finally brought to Brazil by the Colonial Portuguese. In relation to juridical norms, Law number 318 delimits the urban perimeter since the Estado Novo period; therefore, the delimitation of the rural and urban space is anachronic and anomalous. At the conclusions, preliminary notes of a new typology for the Brazilian rural districts are presented.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder: Women – Ecuador

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.525 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 (S1) ◽

pp. S216-S216

Author(s):

V. Valdez ◽

J. Veloz ◽

D. Rueda ◽

C. Santana

Keyword(s):

Domestic Violence ◽

Latin American ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Traumatic Event ◽

Traumatic Events ◽

Post Traumatic Stress ◽

Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Dsm V ◽

Competing Interest

ObjectivesTo determine the incidence of traumatic events in Ecuadorian women exposed to domestic violence and other complex social situations and their relationship with PTSD.MethodsWe applied a transversal descriptive study accomplished by the INEC (National Institute of Statistics and Census). The INEC recruited Ecuadorian women from 15 years old and more, the surveys were focused on this population. In total, 18,800 rural and urban housings were selected all over the country, 24 provinces. Date of the survey: November 16–December 15 of 2011. A, D and G were taken as references for guidelines following the criteria diagnosis of DSM V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) to determine a Traumatic Event.ResultsThe average age of the sample was 28 years old. The standard deviation was 21, ages: 15–25 years old: 14.265 (21.6%), 25–35 years old: 9.324 (14.1%), 35–45 years old: 8.132 (12.3%), 45–55 years old: 6.283 (9.5%), 55–65 years old: 4.302 (6.5%), > 65 years old: 23.745 (35.9%). Prevalence of the traumatic event (DSM-V) 4.6%. Women experienced any kind of violence 60.6%: 61.4% urban, 58.% rural. Types of abuse: psychological: 53.9%, physical: 38.0; sexual, patrimonial: 35.3%. Domestic violence 76.0% y other types of violence 24.0%.ConclusionDomestic violence rate is high, also, in this study, we determined that women face an important index of violence during their daily activities. Psychological abuse is the highest abuse, higher in the urban areas. These results based on acute traumatic events may predispose women to develop PTSD. The prevalence of traumatic events must be an alert to the Mental Health Organizations, not only in Ecuador but also in Latin American.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Evo Morales and Bolivian Politics in the 20th and 21st Centuries

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.503 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

John Crabtree

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Land Reform ◽

Abrupt Change ◽

Power Structure ◽

Indigenous Rights ◽

War On Drugs ◽

The United States ◽

Role Of The State ◽

Rural And Urban

Evo Morales Ayma was elected president of Bolivia in December 2005, taking office in January 2006. He has since been reelected on two separate occasions, in 2009 and 2014. Like Lula in Brazil, Morales is one of the few Latin American leaders to emerge from truly humble origins, a trait that helps explain his lasting popularity with a largely poor and indigenous voting public. The evolution of the Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS), Morales’s party, had its roots in the struggles to resist the United States–inspired “war on drugs” in the late 1990s, yet it managed to broaden the scope of its appeal to involve a range of social movements, both rural and urban, using the defense of natural resources as a leitmotiv to bring together disparate groupings. In government, Morales sought to engineer an abrupt change from neoliberal policies pursued by elite-led civilian administrations since the 1980s, reasserting the role of the state in development, bringing the all-important hydrocarbons industry back into public control, speeding up land reform, introducing a constitution that reasserted indigenous rights, and enacting policies designed to redistribute income and combat poverty. A polemical figure, Morales has attracted adulation from supporters and bitter criticism from opponents. Scholarship has reflected this polarization. Conservative critics, at one end of the spectrum, have tended to stress the authoritarian features of his government and its disdain for democratic niceties; Marxists at the other end tend to see it as an exercise in pale reformism that has left the power structure in Bolivia largely intact. In between, of course, there are a variety of intermediary positions that draw out both the achievements and limitations that this article seeks to assess.

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The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195166217.001.0001 ◽

2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

American History ◽

Gender And Sexuality ◽

Western Hemisphere ◽

Colonial Era ◽

Latin American History ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Asian Immigration ◽

Conceptual Organization ◽

Traditional Approaches

The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History brings together seventeen articles that survey the recent historiography of the colonial era, independence movements, and postcolonial periods. The articles span Mexico, Spanish South America, and Brazil. They begin by questioning the limitations and meaning of Latin America as a conceptual organization of space within the Americas and how the region became excluded from broader studies of the Western hemisphere. Subsequent articles address indigenous peoples of the region; rural and urban history; slavery and race; African, European, and Asian immigration; labor; gender and sexuality; religion; family and childhood; economics; politics; and disease and medicine. In so doing, they bring together traditional approaches to politics and power, while examining the quotidian concerns of workers, women and children, peasants, and racial and ethnic minorities.

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Acceptability of the Contraceptive Vaginal Ring by rural and urban population in two Latin American countries

Contraception ◽

10.1016/0010-7824(81)90006-8 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 393-414 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Anibal Faundes ◽

Ellen Hardy ◽

Quintina Reyes ◽

Laura Pastene ◽

Ramon Portes-Carrasco

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Urban Population ◽

Vaginal Ring ◽

Contraceptive Vaginal Ring ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Latin American Countries

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Suicide attempts associated with sexual violence: Women – Ecuador

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2415 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 (S1) ◽

pp. S642-S643

Author(s):

V. Valdez ◽

C. Santana ◽

M. Cajas ◽

E. Avila ◽

D. Reyes

Keyword(s):

Marital Status ◽

Sexual Violence ◽

Latin American ◽

Sexually Abused ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Traumatic Experiences ◽

Mental Health Systems ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Competing Interest ◽

Traumatic Incident

ObjectiveDetermine the incidence of suicide attempts in women exposed to sexual violence in Ecuador.MaterialsWe applied a transversal descriptive study accomplished by the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC). The INEC recruited Ecuadorian women from 15-years-old and ahead, the surveys were focused on this population. Eighteen thousand and eight hundred (18,800) rural and urban housings were selected all over the country, 24 provinces. Date of the survey: November 16–December 15 of 2011. The sample included 737 women of several marital status (single, married and separated woman) who reported had been victims of sexual violence.ResultsThe average age of the sample was 28-years-old. The standard deviation was 21 years, ages: 15–25 years old: 14.265 (21.6%), 25–35-years-old: 9.324 (14.1%), 35–45-years-old: 8.132 (12.3%), 45–55-years-old: 6.283 (9.5%), 55–65-years-old: 4.302 (6.5%) and > 65 years old: 23.745 (35.9%). The incidence of women who had attempted suicide due to sexual violence was 73.95% (545 of 737 women surveyed). According to the marital status, the incidence was 79.3% on single, 65.5% on married and 79.0% on separated women.ConclusionThe rate of suicide attempts in Ecuadorian women undergoing situations of sexual violence is very elevated. The traumatic incident in descending order according to the classification by marital status is: single, separated and married. It was identified the population of unmarried women in our society to be the most vulnerable to develop suicidal behaviors (8 out of 10 women). However, we must keep in mind that these statistics could be even higher due to the fear and rejection to expose personal traumatic experiences in conservative societies such as the Ecuadorian. These results represent a powerful call to the Mental Health Systems. They must increase protection and follow-up programs on sexually abused women in Ecuador and other Latin-American countries.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Sou do mundo, sou Minas Gerais: o ser da experiência em "Para Lennon e McCartney"

Jangada: crítica | literatura | artes ◽

10.35921/jangada.v0i10.81 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 53-65

Author(s):

Rafael Senra Coelho

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Popular Music ◽

Latin American ◽

Music Industry ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Anglo Saxon ◽

Poor Countries ◽

Urban Condition ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Voice

RESUMO: A canção “Para Lennon e McCartney” imagina um diálogo entre músicos latino americanos e anglo-saxões. Os dois cantores citados no título tornam-se uma metonímia de toda a indústria musical do eixo Europa/EUA. Nessa composição, a condição simultânea rural e urbana que compõe o espaço da periferia permite que o sujeito da experiência persista na modernidade. A voz do narrador experiente confronta todo o projeto de identidade supostamente coerente da metrópole, baseado no acúmulo de informação. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Identidade, Globalização, Experiência, Música Popular. ___________________________________ ABSTRACT: The song "Para Lennon e McCartney" imagines a dialogue between Latin American and Anglo-Saxon musicians. The two singers mentioned in the title symbolize the entire music industry from Europe and United States. In this composition, the simultaneous rural and urban condition of poor countries allows the permanence of the experienced person in modernity. The voice of the experienced narrator confronts the coherent identity project from people in North metropolis, based in accumulation of information. KEYWORDS: Identity, Globalization, Experience, Popular Music.

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Ecology and the Poor: A Neglected Dimension of Latin American History

Journal of Latin American Studies ◽

10.1017/s0022216x0001587x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 621-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Joan Martinez-Alier

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Poor People ◽

Conservation Of Resources ◽

Latin American History ◽

Poor Countries ◽

The Past ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

History Of ◽

Ecological Politics ◽

Amazonian Region

This Commentary addresses the issue of ecological perception and ecological politics among poor populations, rural and urban. Some social struggles by poor people (and some national struggles by poor countries) can be understood also as ecological struggles. This approach reveals the ecological content, both hidden and explicit, of social movements from the past or present, which have been geared to defend access to natural resources against the advance of the generalised market system, and that have contributed to the conservation of resources to the extent that the market undervalues externalities. Examples are taken mainly from the history of highland and coastal Peru, but this approach is relevant also for the Amazonian region. Some comparisons are made with other countries in Latin America and also with India.

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Analysis of the Reconnaissance Project. Phase 1: The Community

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/156482659701800317 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Husni Thamrin ◽

Asri Rasad ◽

Noel W. Solomons ◽

Mark L. Wahlqvist ◽

Rainer Gross

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Latin American ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Group Discussions ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Cultural Research ◽

Full Study ◽

Two Phases ◽

The Individual

The Reconnaissance project, Nutritional and Food Security Situation of Rural and Urban Elderly from Selected East Asian and Latin American Developing Countries, was carried out in eight developing countries. The purpose of the project was to validate the protocol and identify potential problems before the full project was begun. In March 1993 a workshop was held in Wageningen, Netherlands, for participants from the countries and other interested professionals to analyse the results of the Reconnaissance in preparation for the initiation of the full study. The Reconnaissance consisted of two phases: the first studied the community and the second the individual. This paper summarizes the study of the communities through group discussions and semi-structured interviews of community representatives. The information obtained was used to revise and improve the protocol to be used when the full study, Cross-Cultural Research on the Nutrition of Older Subjects (CRONOS), is undertaken.

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