Digital Transformation from Leveraging Blockchain Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning

Recent advances in deep learning methodology led to artificial intelligence (AI) performance achieving and even surpassing human levels in an increasing number of complex tasks. There are many impressive examples of this development such as image classification, sensitivity analysis, speech understanding, or strategic gaming. The estimations based on the AI methods do not give any certain information due to the lack of transparency for the visualization, explanation, and interpretation of deep learning models which can be a major disadvantage in many applications. This chapter discusses studies on the prediction of precious metals in the financial field that need an explanatory model. Traditional AI and machine learning methods are insufficient to realize these predictions. There are many advantages to using explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), which enables us to make reasonable decisions based on inferences. In this chapter, the authors examine the precious metal prediction by XAI by presenting a comprehensive literature review on the related studies.

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Applications and challenges of AI-based algorithms in the COVID-19 pandemic

BMJ Innovations ◽

10.1136/bmjinnov-2020-000648 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 387-398

Author(s):

Danai Khemasuwan ◽

Henri G Colt

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Machine Learning ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Real World ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Digital Transformation ◽

Outbreak Detection ◽

Contact Tracing ◽

Real World Problem

The COVID-19 pandemic is shifting the digital transformation era into high gear. Artificial intelligence (AI) and, in particular, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are being applied on multiple fronts to overcome the pandemic. However, many obstacles prevent greater implementation of these innovative technologies in the clinical arena. The goal of this narrative review is to provide clinicians and other readers with an introduction to some of the concepts of AI and to describe how ML and DL algorithms are being used to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. First, we describe the concept of AI and some of the requisites of ML and DL, including performance metrics of commonly used ML models. Next, we review some of the literature relevant to outbreak detection, contact tracing, forecasting an outbreak, detecting COVID-19 disease on medical imaging, prognostication and drug and vaccine development. Finally, we discuss major limitations and challenges pertaining to the implementation of AI to solve the real-world problem of the COVID-19 pandemic. Equipped with a greater understanding of this technology and AI’s limitations, clinicians may overcome challenges preventing more widespread applications in the clinical management of COVID-19 and future pandemics.

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About digital transformation of the transport industry in Russia

Scientific notes of the Russian academy of entrepreneurship ◽

10.24182/2073-6258-2020-19-3-95-105 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 95-105

Author(s):

Natalia V. Vysotskaya ◽

T. V. Kyrbatskaya

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Business Model ◽

Data Science ◽

Digital Transformation ◽

Digital Culture ◽

Blockchain Technology ◽

Community Approach ◽

Non Linear ◽

Transport Industry ◽

Artificial Intelligence Systems

The article is devoted to the consideration of the main directions of digital transformation of the transport industry in Russia. It is proposed in the process of digital transformation to integrate the community approach into the company's business model using blockchain technology and methods and results of data science; complement the new digital culture with a digital team and new communities that help management solve business problems; focus the attention of the company's management on its employees and develop those competencies in them that robots and artificial intelligence systems cannot implement: develop algorithmic, computable and non-linear thinking in all employees of the company.

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Virtual Screening Meets Deep Learning

Current Computer - Aided Drug Design ◽

10.2174/1573409914666181018141602 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 6-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Javier Pérez-Sianes ◽

Horacio Pérez-Sánchez ◽

Fernando Díaz

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Machine Learning ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Virtual Screening ◽

Great Increase ◽

New Drugs ◽

Learning Approach ◽

Screening Strategies ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Recent Developments

Background: Automated compound testing is currently the de facto standard method for drug screening, but it has not brought the great increase in the number of new drugs that was expected. Computer- aided compounds search, known as Virtual Screening, has shown the benefits to this field as a complement or even alternative to the robotic drug discovery. There are different methods and approaches to address this problem and most of them are often included in one of the main screening strategies. Machine learning, however, has established itself as a virtual screening methodology in its own right and it may grow in popularity with the new trends on artificial intelligence. Objective: This paper will attempt to provide a comprehensive and structured review that collects the most important proposals made so far in this area of research. Particular attention is given to some recent developments carried out in the machine learning field: the deep learning approach, which is pointed out as a future key player in the virtual screening landscape.

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Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights: Four Realms of Discussion: Summary of Remarks

Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting ◽

10.1017/amp.2021.47 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 114 ◽

pp. 242-245

Author(s):

Jootaek Lee

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Machine Learning ◽

Decision Making ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Language Processing ◽

Human Reasoning ◽

The Past ◽

Making Choices ◽

Data Capturing ◽

Intensive Procedures

The term, Artificial Intelligence (AI), has changed since it was first coined by John MacCarthy in 1956. AI, believed to have been created with Kurt Gödel's unprovable computational statements in 1931, is now called deep learning or machine learning. AI is defined as a computer machine with the ability to make predictions about the future and solve complex tasks, using algorithms. The AI algorithms are enhanced and become effective with big data capturing the present and the past while still necessarily reflecting human biases into models and equations. AI is also capable of making choices like humans, mirroring human reasoning. AI can help robots to efficiently repeat the same labor intensive procedures in factories and can analyze historic and present data efficiently through deep learning, natural language processing, and anomaly detection. Thus, AI covers a spectrum of augmented intelligence relating to prediction, autonomous intelligence relating to decision making, automated intelligence for labor robots, and assisted intelligence for data analysis.

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Blockchain Disrupting Fintech and the Banking System

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2021074024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Eduard Alexandru Stoica ◽

Daria Maria Sitea

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Machine Learning ◽

Big Data ◽

Financial Institutions ◽

New World ◽

Great Part ◽

Banking System ◽

Daily Activities ◽

Blockchain Technology ◽

Almost All

Nowadays society is profoundly changed by technology, velocity and productivity. While individuals are not yet prepared for holographic connection with banks or financial institutions, other innovative technologies have been adopted. Lately, a new world has been launched, personalized and adapted to reality. It has emerged and started to govern almost all daily activities due to the five key elements that are foundations of the technology: machine to machine (M2M), internet of things (IoT), big data, machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI). Competitive innovations are now on the market, helping with the connection between investors and borrowers—notably crowdfunding and peer-to-peer lending. Blockchain technology is now enjoying great popularity. Thus, a great part of the focus of this research paper is on Elrond. The outcomes highlight the relevance of technology in digital finance.

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A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning

ACM Computing Surveys ◽

10.1145/3457607 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 1-35

Author(s):

Ninareh Mehrabi ◽

Fred Morstatter ◽

Nripsuta Saxena ◽

Kristina Lerman ◽

Aram Galstyan

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Machine Learning ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Real World ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Future Directions ◽

Discriminatory Behavior ◽

Real World Applications ◽

Near Future ◽

Different Sources

With the widespread use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems and applications in our everyday lives, accounting for fairness has gained significant importance in designing and engineering of such systems. AI systems can be used in many sensitive environments to make important and life-changing decisions; thus, it is crucial to ensure that these decisions do not reflect discriminatory behavior toward certain groups or populations. More recently some work has been developed in traditional machine learning and deep learning that address such challenges in different subdomains. With the commercialization of these systems, researchers are becoming more aware of the biases that these applications can contain and are attempting to address them. In this survey, we investigated different real-world applications that have shown biases in various ways, and we listed different sources of biases that can affect AI applications. We then created a taxonomy for fairness definitions that machine learning researchers have defined to avoid the existing bias in AI systems. In addition to that, we examined different domains and subdomains in AI showing what researchers have observed with regard to unfair outcomes in the state-of-the-art methods and ways they have tried to address them. There are still many future directions and solutions that can be taken to mitigate the problem of bias in AI systems. We are hoping that this survey will motivate researchers to tackle these issues in the near future by observing existing work in their respective fields.

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Reviewing the relationship between machines and radiology: the application of artificial intelligence

Acta Radiologica Open ◽

10.1177/2058460121990296 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 205846012199029

Author(s):

Rani Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Machine Learning ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Learning Algorithms ◽

Machine Learning Algorithms ◽

Health Science ◽

Computer Algorithms ◽

Learning Models ◽

Specificity And Sensitivity

Background The scope and productivity of artificial intelligence applications in health science and medicine, particularly in medical imaging, are rapidly progressing, with relatively recent developments in big data and deep learning and increasingly powerful computer algorithms. Accordingly, there are a number of opportunities and challenges for the radiological community. Purpose To provide review on the challenges and barriers experienced in diagnostic radiology on the basis of the key clinical applications of machine learning techniques. Material and Methods Studies published in 2010–2019 were selected that report on the efficacy of machine learning models. A single contingency table was selected for each study to report the highest accuracy of radiology professionals and machine learning algorithms, and a meta-analysis of studies was conducted based on contingency tables. Results The specificity for all the deep learning models ranged from 39% to 100%, whereas sensitivity ranged from 85% to 100%. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 89% and 85% for the deep learning algorithms for detecting abnormalities compared to 75% and 91% for radiology experts, respectively. The pooled specificity and sensitivity for comparison between radiology professionals and deep learning algorithms were 91% and 81% for deep learning models and 85% and 73% for radiology professionals (p < 0.000), respectively. The pooled sensitivity detection was 82% for health-care professionals and 83% for deep learning algorithms (p < 0.005). Conclusion Radiomic information extracted through machine learning programs form images that may not be discernible through visual examination, thus may improve the prognostic and diagnostic value of data sets.

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Who’s making the decisions? How managers can harness artificial intelligence and remain in charge

Journal of Business Strategy ◽

10.1108/jbs-05-2021-0090 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Pooya Tabesh

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Machine Learning ◽

Decision Making ◽

Big Data ◽

Digital Transformation ◽

Decision Processes ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Content Type ◽

Human Decision ◽

Practical Implications

Purpose While it is evident that the introduction of machine learning and the availability of big data have revolutionized various organizational operations and processes, existing academic and practitioner research within decision process literature has mostly ignored the nuances of these influences on human decision-making. Building on existing research in this area, this paper aims to define these concepts from a decision-making perspective and elaborates on the influences of these emerging technologies on human analytical and intuitive decision-making processes. Design/methodology/approach The authors first provide a holistic understanding of important drivers of digital transformation. The authors then conceptualize the impact that analytics tools built on artificial intelligence (AI) and big data have on intuitive and analytical human decision processes in organizations. Findings The authors discuss similarities and differences between machine learning and two human decision processes, namely, analysis and intuition. While it is difficult to jump to any conclusions about the future of machine learning, human decision-makers seem to continue to monopolize the majority of intuitive decision tasks, which will help them keep the upper hand (vis-à-vis machines), at least in the near future. Research limitations/implications The work contributes to research on rational (analytical) and intuitive processes of decision-making at the individual, group and organization levels by theorizing about the way these processes are influenced by advanced AI algorithms such as machine learning. Practical implications Decisions are building blocks of organizational success. Therefore, a better understanding of the way human decision processes can be impacted by advanced technologies will prepare managers to better use these technologies and make better decisions. By clarifying the boundaries/overlaps among concepts such as AI, machine learning and big data, the authors contribute to their successful adoption by business practitioners. Social implications The work suggests that human decision-makers will not be replaced by machines if they continue to invest in what they do best: critical thinking, intuitive analysis and creative problem-solving. Originality/value The work elaborates on important drivers of digital transformation from a decision-making perspective and discusses their practical implications for managers.

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NIMG-46. SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS USING PRE-THERAPY MR IMAGING FOR GLIOMA MOLECULAR SUBTYPE CLASSIFICATION

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noab196.545 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (Supplement_6) ◽

pp. vi139-vi139

Author(s):

Jan Lost ◽

Tej Verma ◽

Niklas Tillmanns ◽

W R Brim ◽

Harry Subramanian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Machine Learning ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Literature Review ◽

Prediction Accuracy ◽

Molecular Subtypes ◽

Molecular Subtype ◽

Tumor Resection ◽

Support Vector ◽

Hospital Data

Abstract PURPOSE Identifying molecular subtypes in gliomas has prognostic and therapeutic value, traditionally after invasive neurosurgical tumor resection or biopsy. Recent advances using artificial intelligence (AI) show promise in using pre-therapy imaging for predicting molecular subtype. We performed a systematic review of recent literature on AI methods used to predict molecular subtypes of gliomas. METHODS Literature review conforming to PRSIMA guidelines was performed for publications prior to February 2021 using 4 databases: Ovid Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science core-collection. Keywords included: artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, radiomics, magnetic resonance imaging, glioma, and glioblastoma. Non-machine learning and non-human studies were excluded. Screening was performed using Covidence software. Bias analysis was done using TRIPOD guidelines. RESULTS 11,727 abstracts were retrieved. After applying initial screening exclusion criteria, 1,135 full text reviews were performed, with 82 papers remaining for data extraction. 57% used retrospective single center hospital data, 31.6% used TCIA and BRATS, and 11.4% analyzed multicenter hospital data. An average of 146 patients (range 34-462 patients) were included. Algorithms predicting IDH status comprised 51.8% of studies, MGMT 18.1%, and 1p19q 6.0%. Machine learning methods were used in 71.4%, deep learning in 27.4%, and 1.2% directly compared both methods. The most common algorithm for machine learning were support vector machine (43.3%), and for deep learning convolutional neural network (68.4%). Mean prediction accuracy was 76.6%. CONCLUSION Machine learning is the predominant method for image-based prediction of glioma molecular subtypes. Major limitations include limited datasets (60.2% with under 150 patients) and thus limited generalizability of findings. We recommend using larger annotated datasets for AI network training and testing in order to create more robust AI algorithms, which will provide better prediction accuracy to real world clinical datasets and provide tools that can be translated to clinical practice.

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