scholarly journals Switzerland: Formalizing Banking Supervision in the Aftermath of a Crisis, Better Late Than Never

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
Eiji Hotori ◽  
Mikael Wendschlag ◽  
Thibaud Giddey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Banking Crisis ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Legal Code

AbstractThis chapter deals with the formalization of banking supervision in Switzerland, which occurred throughout the twentieth century in a three-step process. First, between 1914 and 1931, the introduction of formal banking supervision, including a detailed Banking Act enforced by an authority, was discussed but was rejected under the influence of leading bankers. Second, in the aftermath of a severe banking crisis in 1931–1934, the resistance of bankers was undermined and a federal law on commercial banking, featuring the setting up of a new supervision agency, was adopted. Third, until the late 1970s, despite the existence of a legal code and a designated authority, the formalization was still incomplete, because the agency was lacking the formal capacity and resources to guarantee an effective enforcement of financial regulation. During that period (1930s–1970s), policymakers were unable to remove the flaws of the supervisory regime because of the strong preference of the main stakeholders (commercial banks, banking supervisors) for the existing system.

Dividend policy in Norwegian banking before 1914

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Fredrik Øksendal
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Dividend Policy ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Set Covering ◽  
Securities Markets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Set Up

This article discusses the dividend strategy adopted by Norwegian commercial banks before 1914. Based on a unique data set covering all banks in the period 1882– 1913 as well as six other institutions for the pre-1882 period, I identify the existence of a strong bias towards the payment of high and stable dividends to shareholders. The origins of such bias lie in the specific institutional set-up of commercial banking, the expectations of shareholders and the absence of developed securities markets. Combined with a strong preference for high gearing, this feature contributed to increase the fragility of the Norwegian banking system.

Income Diversification and Bank Efficiency in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
pp. 52-67
Author(s):  
Sang Nguyen Minh
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

This study uses the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method to estimate the technical efficiency index of 34 Vietnamese commercial banks in the period 2007-2015, and then it analyzes the impact of income diversification on the operational efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks through a censored regression model - the Tobit regression model. Research results indicate that income diversification has positive effects on the operational efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks in the research period. Based on study results, in this research some recommendations forpolicy are given to enhance the operational efficiency of Vietnam’s commercial banking system.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Commercial Banking in Developing Countries

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 1597
Author(s):  
Violeta Cvetkoska ◽  
Katerina Fotova Čiković ◽  
Marija Tasheva
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Feasible Solution ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Efficiency Score ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
Super Efficiency ◽  
Bank Management ◽  
The Stability

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the relative efficiency of commercial banks in three developing countries in Europe (North Macedonia, Serbia, and Croatia) in the period from 2015 to 2019, and to provide targets for improvement for the inefficient banks by using DEA. The variables are selected under the income-based approach. Based on the output-oriented BCC model, unusual results are obtained for a few commercial banks in each country, that is, they are BCC relative efficient, which is contrary to the real situation. In order to identify outliers that can affect the efficiency results, a super-efficiency procedure is applied so that banks with a super-efficiency score higher than 1.2 (outliers) or for which a feasible solution was not found are considered in detail and removed, and then the output-oriented BCC model is rerun. Based on the obtained results, the Macedonian commercial banking system shows the highest efficiency (91.1%), followed by the Croatian (90.9%) and the Serbian (81.9%) banking system. The estimated targets for improvement of the inefficient commercial banks could help their top bank management in better resource allocation and making fact-based and faster decisions by which they can improve the operation of the banks they lead and contribute to the stability of the financial system.

CREDIT RISK AND COMMERCIAL BANKS’ PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA: A PANEL MODEL APPROACH

2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
KOLAPO T. Funso ◽  
AYENI R. Kolade ◽  
OKE M. Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Loan Loss ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Loan Loss Provision ◽  
Panel Model ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Credit Analysis

The study carried out an empirical investigation into the quantitative effect of credit risk on the performance of commercial banks in Nigeria over the period of 11 years (2000-2010). Five commercial banking firms were selected on a cross sectional basis for eleven years. The traditional profit theory was employed to formulate profit, measured by Return on Asset (ROA), as a function of the ratio of Non-performing loan to loan & Advances (NPL/LA), ratio of Total loan & Advances to Total deposit (LA/TD) and the ratio of loan loss provision to classified loans (LLP/CL) as measures of credit risk. Panel model analysis was used to estimate the determinants of the profit function. The results showed that the effect of credit risk on bank performance measured by the Return on Assets of banks is cross-sectional invariant. That is the effect is similar across banks in Nigeria, though the degree to which individual banks are affected is not captured by the method of analysis employed in the study. A 100 percent increase in non-performing loan reduces profitability (ROA) by about 6.2 percent, a 100 percent increase in loan loss provision also reduces profitability by about 0.65percent while a 100 percent increase in total loan and advances increase profitability by about 9.6 percent. Based on our findings, it is recommended that banks in Nigeria should enhance their capacity in credit analysis and loan administration while the regulatory authority should pay more attention to banks’ compliance to relevant provisions of the Bank and other Financial Institutions Act (1999) and prudential guidelines.

scholarly journals Credit procyclicality and financial regulation in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-478
Author(s):  
James Bernstein ◽  
Leroi Raputsoana ◽  
Eric Schaling
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Expansion Phase ◽  
Reference Guide ◽  
Common Reference ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
The Relationship

This study assesses the behaviour of credit extension over the business cycle in South Africa for the period 2000 to 2012. This is motivated by the proposal of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to look at credit extension over the business cycle as a reference guide for implementing countercyclical capital buffers for financial institutions. The study finds that credit extension in South increases during the trough phase, while the relationship between credit extension and the business cycle becomes insignificant during the peak phase. The study also finds that credit extension decreases during the expansion phase, while it increases during the contraction phase. Thus we do not find any evidence of procyclical behaviour of credit extension in South Africa, and the latter should therefore be used with caution and not as a mechanical rule based common reference guide for countercyclical capital buffers for financial institutions. 

scholarly journals المحددات التي تواجه نظام الرقابة الداخلية في بيئة المصارف التجارية

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Journals UHD ◽  
Dana Akram Faqe Mahmood ◽  
Shilan Arf Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Internal Auditor ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Banking Institutions

This study was conducted to examine the work of internal control systems in banking institutions. It focused on studying the determinants facing the internal censorship system in the commercial banking sector by identifying the deficiencies and shortcomings in the regulatory systems and their negative effects from financial and administrative failure, the overall weak performances and etc, and also by determining the main reasons and obstacles that prevents the application from development of the internal censorship systems in commercial banks. A practical study had been made on a sample of the commercial banks operating in Sulaymaniyah governorate .In order to achive the goal, five commercial banks were used to collect the data from. The researchers used questionairre while collecting data in which they entered the information and data were processed automatically and through statistical models in order to test hypotheses and prove them. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there is a strong correlation between the variables of the research hypothesis and the internal censorship's objectives and the constraints facing to their application in the commercial banking sector of a degree at (0.607). The results showed that the increase of the determinants of the work of internal censrorship systems affected the achievement of the objectives that pursuied by the internal censorship in commercial banks in specifics. The researchers reccomended that there should be a commitments to the laws , accounting policies and procedures that applied to protect the assets especially by the commercial bank's management and to detect errors , fraud and manipulation to support the independency of the work of internal auditor and activate its role to achieve the objectives targeted by the internal censorship systems in commercial banks.

scholarly journals Governance of Vietnam's Financial Institutions in Accordance with International Standards until 2020

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (01) ◽  
pp. 50-76
Author(s):  
Huong Tram Thi Xuan ◽  
Canh Nguyen Phuc ◽  
Nhu Nguyen Tu
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Bank Performance ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
Shed Light

In this article, using a combination of risk-related factors, we address the governance of financial institutions, mainly Vietnam’s commercial banks, in light of such international standards as of Basel II and III. Additionally, we employ multiple regression approach to shed light on the effect of each type of risk on bank performance and propose a few recommendations for effectively governing the commercial banking system of Vietnam until 2020.

Vertical and Horizontal Problems in Financial Regulation and Corporate Governance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. Macey ◽  
Maureen O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Insider Trading ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Fiduciary Duty ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Regulatory Arbitrage ◽  
Holding Companies ◽  
The Third ◽  
And Control

This chapter discusses vertical and horizontal problems in financial regulation and corporate governance. More specifically, it examines three contexts in which efforts to mitigate systemic risk and moral hazard in capital markets and financial institutions clash with long-standing principles of corporate governance. The first issue relates to the so-called “vertical” challenge between financial institutions and the separately incorporated holding companies that own and control them. The second issue relates to the “horizontal” challenge, in which regulatory arbitrage occurs between the banking subsidiaries of complex holding companies and their less-regulated nonbank and shadow bank siblings. The third and final issue deals with the conflict between the conception of fiduciary duty in the federal law of insider trading and the concept of fiduciary duty in state law.

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