scholarly journals Origin of an evolutionary novelty: the worker phenotype of eusocial wasps

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Paper Wasp ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Colony Cycle ◽  
Behavior Development ◽  
Reproductive Worker

AbstractComplex problems in evolutionary biology can be approached in two ways, top down using theoretical constructs and bottom up using empirical studies . Theoretical concepts predominate evolutionary interpretations of eusociality in a literature that is small relative to an enormous literature of natural history and basic research that is not synthesized into a conceptual whole. Here, I draw insights from this literature to show how paper wasps’ allomaternal non-reproductive worker phenotype originates in every colony cycle via confluence of multiple factors of paper wasp biology. These include behavior, development, nutrient dynamics, indirect genetic effects, sex ratio, and demography. A novel perspective on the colony cycle, based on individuals’ reproductive physiology, serves as context to examine of each of these. It will be shown that the allomaternal non-reproductive worker phenotype does not require relatedness among colony members to originate. Allomaternal care of non-relatives is frequent and can occur in at least twelve contexts. Life histories of living species as they will be presented here show that relatedness among colony members is not the target of selection in simple eusociality. However, the novel allomaternal non-reproductive worker phenotype had to be present at the ancestral origins of complex eusociality in which relatedness among colony members is essential.

scholarly journals ON THE ISSUE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF STUDENTS DURING DISTANCE LEARNING

2022 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 242-246
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Panchuk
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
The Individual

The article discusses the concept, theoretical concepts of psychological well-being of the individual, analyzes the structure of this phenomenon. The analysis of the results of empirical studies of the psychological well-being of students transferred to distance learning in the conditions of the spread of coronavirus is given

scholarly journals Range-wide spatial mapping reveals convergent character displacement of bird song

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1902) ◽  
pp. 20190443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander N. G. Kirschel ◽  
Nathalie Seddon ◽  
Joseph A. Tobias
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Interspecific Territoriality ◽  
Coexisting Species

A long-held view in evolutionary biology is that character displacement generates divergent phenotypes in closely related coexisting species to avoid the costs of hybridization or ecological competition, whereas an alternative possibility is that signals of dominance or aggression may instead converge to facilitate coexistence among ecological competitors. Although this counterintuitive process—termed convergent agonistic character displacement—is supported by recent theoretical and empirical studies, the extent to which it drives spatial patterns of trait evolution at continental scales remains unclear. By modelling the variation in song structure of two ecologically similar species of Hypocnemis antbird across western Amazonia, we show that their territorial signals converge such that trait similarity peaks in the sympatric zone, where intense interspecific territoriality between these taxa has previously been demonstrated. We also use remote sensing data to show that signal convergence is not explained by environmental gradients and is thus unlikely to evolve by sensory drive (i.e. acoustic adaptation to the sound transmission properties of habitats). Our results suggest that agonistic character displacement driven by interspecific competition can generate spatial patterns opposite to those predicted by classic character displacement theory, and highlight the potential role of social selection in shaping geographical variation in signal phenotypes of ecological competitors.

scholarly journals Reconstructing the demographic history of divergence between European river and brook lampreys using approximate Bayesian computations

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Rougemont ◽  
Camille Roux ◽  
Samuel Neuenschwander ◽  
Jerome Goudet ◽  
Sophie Launey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Secondary Contact ◽  
Isolation With Migration ◽  
Genome Wide Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Parameterized Model ◽  
Approximate Bayesian

Inferring the history of isolation and gene flow during species divergence is a central question in evolutionary biology. The European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) and brook lamprey(L. planeri)show a low reproductive isolation but have highly distinct life histories, the former being parasitic-anadromous and the latter non-parasitic and freshwater resident. Here we used microsatellite data from six replicated population pairs to reconstruct their history of divergence using an approximate Bayesian computation framework combined with a random forest model. In most population pairs, scenarios of divergence with recent isolation were outcompeted by scenarios proposing ongoing gene flow, namely the Secondary Contact (SC) and Isolation with Migration (IM) models. The estimation of demographic parameters under the SC model indicated a time of secondary contact close to the time of speciation, explaining why SC and IM models could not be discriminated. In case of an ancient secondary contact, the historical signal of divergence is lost and neutral markers converge to the same equilibrium as under the less parameterized model allowing ongoing gene flow. Our results imply that models of secondary contacts should be systematically compared to models of divergence with gene flow; given the difficulty to discriminate among these models, we suggest that genome-wide data are needed to adequately reconstruct divergence history.

scholarly journals Böckernas vägar: den svenska bokhandelns import av utländska böcker 1750–1800

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Anna-Maria Rimm
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Book Trade ◽  
Original Language ◽  
European Cities ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Risky Business

<p>This study focuses on the import of books to Sweden between 1750 and 1800. The Swedish book trade in the eighteenth century involved mainly foreign books. The publication of books in Swedish was still limited - despite increasing steadily during the century - and was in no way able to satisfy the needs of Swedish scholars for learned and diverting works in their original language. The import of foreign books to Sweden seems to have been undertaken in various ways: with the help of individuals who brought books home with them from abroad, through the universities' exchange of scholarly works with institutions overseas, and by means of the organized book trade. Several Swedish book sellers imported books from abroad during the latter part of the eighteenth century. In fact, Sweden had a substantial number of book shops compared with other European cities. In the 1781 European bookseller's directory, the Almanach de la librairie, Stockholm shared fifth place (with The Hague) in a ranking of European cities with the largest number of book shops, placing higher than cities such as Berlin, Amsterdam, Madrid, and Rome. Importing books to Sweden was, however, a financially risky business and some of the importers went bankrupt because of it. The conditions of the trade also underwent marked developments during the period studied: originally, for example, imports largely took the form of exchanges. In conclusion, the article shows that more basic research and comprehensive empirical studies need to be undertaken to provide a fair picture of this hitherto largely unresearched trade.</p>

scholarly journals Dream as a subject of psychological research

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
P.A. Egorova
Keyword(s):  
Activity Theory ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Subjective Significance

We discuss the main theoretical concepts of a dream: dream definitions, ideas about its genesis, functions, dream location in the structure of activity. We analyze the similarities and differences between the approaches. The results of empirical studies of adolescent and adult dreams are generalized, dream functions in adolescence are analyzed. Based on the analysis of different approaches, we chose theoretical basis of our own research – A. Leontiev activity theory, L.S. Vygotsky concept, K. Lewin's model. We formulated and substantiated the definition of dream as emotionally colored image of the desired future, having a subjective significance. We show the significance and hypotheses of our research: 1) the content of dreams is connected not only with a situation of frustration, but also with the teenager abilities, 2) the dream is involved in regulating of values choice; 3) restoration and development of the ability to dream can be used in the practice of counseling and psychotherapy as an effective tool to help adolescents and adults.

scholarly journals Range expansion of muskox lungworms track rapid arctic warming: implications for geographic colonization under climate forcing

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratap Kafle ◽  
Peter Peller ◽  
Alessandro Massolo ◽  
Eric Hoberg ◽  
Lisa-Marie Leclerc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Expansion ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Warming ◽  
Ovibos Moschatus ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Northern Edge

Abstract Rapid climate warming in the Arctic results in multifaceted disruption of biodiversity, faunal structure, and ecosystem health. Hypotheses have linked range expansion and emergence of parasites and diseases to accelerating warming globally but empirical studies demonstrating causality are rare. Using historical data and recent surveys as baselines, we explored climatological drivers for Arctic warming as determinants of range expansion for two temperature-dependent lungworms, Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis and Varestrongylus eleguneniensis, of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus), in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago from 1980 through 2017. Our field data shows a substantial northward shift of the northern edge of the range for both parasites and increased abundance across the expanded ranges during the last decade. Mechanistic models parameterized with parasites’ thermal requirements demonstrated that geographical colonization tracked spatial expansion of permissive environments, with a temporal lag. Subtle differences in life histories, thermal requirements of closely related parasites, climate oscillations and shifting thermal balances across environments influence faunal assembly and biodiversity. Our findings support that persistence of host-parasite assemblages reflects capacities of parasites to utilize host and environmental resources in an ecological arena of fluctuating opportunity (alternating trends in exploration and exploitation) driving shifting boundaries for distribution across spatial and temporal scales.

Identifying Distinctive Features of Productive and Socially Efficient Schools

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Марина Матюшкина ◽  
Marina Matyushkina ◽  
Константин Белоусов ◽  
Konstantin Belousov
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Successful Schools ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Effi Ciency ◽  
Level Of Use ◽  
High Level ◽  
State Examination

The article presents the results of a series of empirical studies devoted to the analysis of the relationship between school performance (according to the Unified State Examination criterion), its social efficiency (according to the criterion of the frequency of student circulation to tutors) and various social and pedagogical characteristics of the school. A correlation analysis was carried out on an array of data obtained over 5 years of regular comprehensive surveys in schools of St. Petersburg. The sets of signs that are most characteristic for schools with high performance and for schools with high social effi ciency are identified and described. Distinctive features of successful schools are associated with a high level of use of tutoring services by students, with good material and technical conditions, teachers’ competence in the use of design and research methods, etc. In socially eff ective schools, the achievement of students’ academic results is based on the use of their own school strengths — teachers’ potential, innovative technologies with large-scale attraction of the Internet and electronic resources. The study was carried out with the fi nancial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research in the framework of the scientifi c project “Signs of an eff ective school in conditions of the mass distribution of tutoring practices” No. 19-013-00455.

SEASONAL VARIATION IN BODY SIZE AND REPRODUCTIVE CONDITION OF A PAPER WASP, POLISTES METRICUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance M. Haggard ◽  
George J. Gamboa
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Paper Wasp ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Reproductive Condition ◽  
Polistes Metricus ◽  
Colony Cycle ◽  
Similar Body

AbstractSeasonal morphometric analysis of 788 adult Polistes metricus Say showed that: (1) Queens sampled throughout the colony cycle were of similar body size but significantly smaller than fall gynes. (2) Queens’ ovaries are large in the spring, decline early in the colony cycle, peak near the mid-postemergence period and decline late in the colony cycle. (3) There are no significant correlations between head width, ovary width, and size of nest in workers or queens. (4) Early and late workers are small but workers emerging during the mid-postemergence period are large. (5) All workers and gynes emerge with small, similar sized ovaries but older workers may develop larger ovaries. (6) Queens are larger than early and late workers but the same size as workers emerging during the mid-postemergence period. (7) The class with the largest adults were intermediates collected when colonies began production of males. These adults, intermediate in fat content between workers and gynes, comprised a large proportion of females emerging late in the colony cycle. (8) The body size of gynes is independent of colony size. (9) Males were significantly more variable in body size than gynes.

Le rôle de la famille dans le développement du trouble de la personnalité limite

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Regulatory Effect ◽  
Parental Overprotection ◽  
Theoretical Concepts

The role of family in the development of borderline personality disorder is examined with an emphasis on dimensions of family functioning. A synthesis of theoretical concepts implicating such factors, derived mostly from psychoanalysis, is proposed with an emphasis on separation-individuation, early frustrations, regression to recognition memory, oscillations in attachment and social influences. Empirical studies are reviewed. Affective neglect and parental overprotection are often cited, although dysfunctional behaviour control may have a regulatory effect on these factors and a crucial impact on psychic reality of the patient recalling his childhood.

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