scholarly journals Morphological distinctness despite large-scale phenotypic plasticity—analysis of wild and pond-bred juveniles of allopatric populations of Tropheus moorii

2010 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Kerschbaumer ◽  
Lisbeth Postl ◽  
Martin Koch ◽  
Thomas Wiedl ◽  
Christian Sturmbauer
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Allopatric Populations

scholarly journals Adaptation to a latitudinal thermal gradient within a widespread copepod species: the contributions of genetic divergence and phenotypic plasticity

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1853) ◽  
pp. 20170236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo J. Pereira ◽  
Matthew C. Sasaki ◽  
Ronald S. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Physiological Limits ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Understanding how populations adapt to heterogeneous thermal regimes is essential for comprehending how latitudinal gradients in species diversification are formed, and how taxa will respond to ongoing climate change. Adaptation can occur by innate genetic factors, by phenotypic plasticity, or by a combination of both mechanisms. Yet, the relative contribution of such mechanisms to large-scale latitudinal gradients of thermal tolerance across conspecific populations remains unclear. We examine thermal performance in 11 populations of the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus , ranging from Baja California Sur (Mexico) to British Columbia (Canada). Common garden experiments show that survivorship to acute heat-stress differs between populations (by up to 3.8°C in LD 50 values), reflecting a strong genetic thermal adaptation. Using a split-brood experiment with two rearing temperatures, we also show that developmental phenotypic plasticity is beneficial to thermal tolerance (by up to 1.3°C), and that this effect differs across populations. Although genetic divergence in heat tolerance strongly correlates with latitude and temperature, differences in the plastic response do not. In the context of climate warming, our results confirm the general prediction that low-latitude populations are most susceptible to local extinction because genetic adaptation has placed physiological limits closer to current environmental maxima, but our results also contradict the prediction that phenotypic plasticity is constrained at lower latitudes.

scholarly journals Moulding the ideal crab: implications of phenotypic plasticity for crustacean stock enhancement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J Daly ◽  
Ginny L Eckert ◽  
W Christopher Long
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Stock Enhancement ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Ecological Performance ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Plastic Responses

Abstract Numerous examples of behavioural and morphological differences between hatchery-cultured and wild individuals exist for a range of crustacean species; however, we submit that these variances are not deficiencies, but rather are adaptive responses to an unnatural rearing environment that may be detrimental in the natural environment. This phenotypic plasticity could be beneficial for stock enhancement because such plasticity suggests potential for change with adjustments to rearing protocols to achieve improved ecological competence. We examine how specific plastic responses can affect crustacean ecology through effects on predation, foraging, competition, and reproduction. For developing stock enhancement programmes, we recommend consideration of plastic phenotypic patterns before large-scale releases are initiated. Researchers can identify environmental factors that cue plasticity during hatchery rearing, determine if induced responses are ecologically influential after release into the wild, and examine the temporal scale on which phenotypic plasticity operates. Communal hatchery rearing at low-to-medium stocking densities with predator cues and natural substrates along with in situ conditioning, releases during periods of low predation risk, and coupled laboratory-field studies can contribute to improved ecological performance during stock enhancement. Finally, presentation of non-significant research results is needed to avoid bias towards hatchery–wild differences and help guide future conditioning programmes.

scholarly journals Relevance of ddRADseq method for species and population delimitation of closely related and widely distributed wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Ivanov ◽  
Yuri Marusik ◽  
Julien Pétillon ◽  
Marko Mutanen
Keyword(s):  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Far East ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Wolf Spiders ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Allopatric Populations

AbstractAlthough species delimitation is often controversial, emerging DNA-based and classical morphology-based methods are rarely compared using large-scale samplings, even less in the case of widely distributed species that have distant, allopatric populations. In the current study, we examined species boundaries within two wolf spider species of the genus Pardosa (Araneae, Lycosidae), P. riparia and P. palustris. Wolf spiders constitute an excellent model for testing the relevance of traditional vs. modern methods in species and population delimitation because several closely related species are distributed over cross-continental geographic ranges. Allopatric populations of the two Pardosa species were sampled across Europe to Far East Russia (latitudinal range > 150°) and several dozen individuals were studied using morphological characters (morphometry of three measures for both sexes, plus five in males only and two in females only), DNA barcoding (COI sequencing) and double-digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq). The results obtained allow for changing the taxonomic status of two Far East Russian populations to subspecies and ddRADseq proved to be a powerful tool for taxonomic research despite scarce sampling and inherent subjectivity of species delimitation in allopatry. Overall, this study pleads for both multi-criteria and more population-based studies in taxonomy.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome and DNA Methylation Analysis of Phenotypic Plasticity in the Pacific Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zekun Huang ◽  
Qizhen Xiao ◽  
Feng Yu ◽  
Yang Gan ◽  
Chengkuan Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanism ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Haliotis Discus Hannai ◽  
Pacific Abalone ◽  
Differentially Methylated Genes ◽  
Haliotis Discus

Phenotypic plasticity is an adaptive mechanism used by organisms to cope with environmental fluctuations. Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) are large-scale farmed in the temperate area of northern China and in the warmer waters of southern China. RNA-seq and comparative transcriptomic analysis here were performed to determine if the northern and southern populations have evolved divergent plasticity and if functional differences are associated with protein synthesis and growth-related biological progress. The DNA methylation (5mC) landscape of H. discus hannai from the two populations using whole genomic bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), exhibited different epigenetic patterns. The southern population had significant genomic hypo-methylation that may have resulted from long-term acclimation to heat stress. Combining 790 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 7635 differentially methylated genes (DMGs), we found that methylation within the gene body might be important in predicting abalone gene expression. Genes related to growth, development, transduction, and apoptosis may be regulated by methylation and could explain the phenotypic divergence of H. discus hannai. Our findings not only emphasize the significant roles of adaptive plasticity in the acclimation of H. discus hannai to high temperatures but also provide a new understanding of the epigenetic mechanism underlying the phenotypic plasticity in adaptation to climate change for marine organisms.

scholarly journals Phenotypic plasticity, population structure and adaptation in a young weed species with a worldwide distribution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cornille ◽  
M. Tiret ◽  
A. Salcedo ◽  
H.R. Huang ◽  
M. Orsucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Marginal Populations ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Classic Pattern ◽  
Colonization Success ◽  
Scale Experiment

SummaryThe colonization success of a species depends on phenotypic plasticity, adaptive potential and population structure. Assessing their relative contributions during a colonization process is challenging, and a large-scale experiment had yet to be done. In this study, we attempted to tease apart their effects on the fitness of one of the most common plant on Earth, the shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), a self-fertilizing and allopolyploid weed, with a worldwide distribution. The overarching goal is to eventually understand how the shepherd’s purse extensive distribution range was established so rapidly. To do so, we carried out three common gardens, located in Europe, Asia and North America, and measured several life-history traits on field-collected accessions belonging to three distinct genetic clusters (Middle East, Europe, and Asia). Our experiment showed that (i) the success of C. bursa-pastoris is mainly due to its high degree of phenotypic plasticity; and (ii), genetic cluster effect reflected a classic pattern observed in core vs marginal populations, with the Middle Eastern cluster (putative core population) outperforming the European and Asian clusters. This study therefore revealed, in a model species, different relative contributions of plasticity and adaptation to fitness, depending on the population and the time since colonization occurred.

scholarly journals Into the range: a latitudinal gradient or a center-margins differentiation of ecological strategies in Arabidopsis thaliana?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélien Estarague ◽  
François Vasseur ◽  
Kevin Sartori ◽  
Cristina Bastias ◽  
Denis Cornet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Ecological Strategies ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Conservative Strategy ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Colonization Ability

Background and Aims: Determining within-species large-scale variation in phenotypic traits is central to elucidate the drivers of species ranges. Intraspecific comparisons offer the opportunity to understand how trade-offs and biogeographical history constrain adaptation to contrasted environmental conditions. Here we test whether functional traits, ecological strategies and phenotypic plasticity in response to abiotic stress vary along a latitudinal or a center- margins gradient within the native range of Arabidopsis thaliana. Methods: The phenotypic outcomes of plant adaptation at the center and margins of its geographic range were experimentally examined in 30 accessions from southern, central and northern Europe. The variation of traits related to stress tolerance, resource use, colonization ability as well as survival and fecundity was determined in response to high temperature (34C) or frost (- 6C), in combination with response to water deficit. Key Results: Both evidence for a latitudinal and a center-margins differentiation was found. Traits related to the acquisitive/conservative strategy trade-off varied along a latitudinal gradient. Northern accessions presented a greater survival to stress than central and southern accessions. Traits related to a colonization-competition trade-off followed a center-margin differentiation. Central accessions presented a higher phenotypic plasticity and trait values associated with a higher colonization ability than northern and southern accessions which instead had a higher competition ability. Conclusions: Intraspecific phenotypic variation helps us understand how the distribution range has evolved in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is shaped both by climate and the population migratory history. We advocate to consider intraspecific trait variation in species range studies instead of species means only as classically done in macroecology.

Genetic Variation and Phenotypic Plasticity in Populations of Paterson's Curse (Echium plantagineum L.) In South-Eastern Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Wood ◽  
R Degabriele
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Climatic Indices ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Natural populations of Echium plantagineum on an east-west line across south-eastern Australia were sampled on three occasions during the growing season, and seeds collected from individual plants in each population were grown in a common glasshouse. In another experiment seedlings of E. plantagineum were divided and clones from each plant were grown under two soil moisture regimes. Field populations differed significantly in all seven characters measured at all sampling dates but, with one exception, between-population differences were unrelated to five climatic indices. Glasshouse populations differed significantly in 15 of 27 characters; variations in some of these characters were related by regression analysis to one or more of the climatic indices. Clones grown under moisture stress flowered later, had proportionally wider leaves and were smaller than well watered clones. The data suggest that an ecocline has developed, or is developing, in E. plantagineum in south- eastern Australia in response to large-scale and long-term aspects of climate, although extensive genetic variation between individuals in each population was also observed. This species exhibits a great deal of phenotypic plasticity in response to localized environmental factors.

Some comments about observations and image processing of comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 243-248
Author(s):  
D. Kubáček ◽  
A. Galád ◽  
A. Pravda
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Harvard College ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Large Scale Structures ◽  
Short Period Comet ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Harvard College Observatory ◽  
Period Comet

AbstractUnusual short-period comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 inspired many observers to explain its unpredictable outbursts. In this paper large scale structures and features from the inner part of the coma in time periods around outbursts are studied. CCD images were taken at Whipple Observatory, Mt. Hopkins, in 1989 and at Astronomical Observatory, Modra, from 1995 to 1998. Photographic plates of the comet were taken at Harvard College Observatory, Oak Ridge, from 1974 to 1982. The latter were digitized at first to apply the same techniques of image processing for optimizing the visibility of features in the coma during outbursts. Outbursts and coma structures show various shapes.

Evolution of Large-Scale Coronal Structures

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
P. Ambrož
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Line ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Coronal Magnetic Field ◽  
Source Surface ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Characteristic Relationship ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractThe large-scale coronal structures observed during the sporadically visible solar eclipses were compared with the numerically extrapolated field-line structures of coronal magnetic field. A characteristic relationship between the observed structures of coronal plasma and the magnetic field line configurations was determined. The long-term evolution of large scale coronal structures inferred from photospheric magnetic observations in the course of 11- and 22-year solar cycles is described.Some known parameters, such as the source surface radius, or coronal rotation rate are discussed and actually interpreted. A relation between the large-scale photospheric magnetic field evolution and the coronal structure rearrangement is demonstrated.

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