scholarly journals Return migrants and the wage premium: does the legal status of migrants matter?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelly Elmallakh ◽  
Jackline Wahba
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Undocumented Migration ◽  
Wage Penalty ◽  
Temporary Migration ◽  
Return Migrants ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of the legal status of overseas migrants on their wages upon return to the home country. Using unique data from Egypt, which allows us to distinguish between return migrants according to whether their international migration was documented or undocumented, we examine the impact of illegal status on wages upon return. Relying on a Conditional Mixed Process model, which takes into account the selection into emigration, into return, and into the legal status of temporary migration, we find that, upon return, undocumented migrants experience a wage penalty compared with documented migrants, as well as relative to non-migrants. Our results are the first to show the impact of undocumented migration on the migrant upon return to the country of origin.

scholarly journals Health, wellbeing and access to care of undocumented migrants in Geneva, Switzerland

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Jackson ◽  
L Consoli ◽  
A Duvoisin ◽  
J Fakhoury ◽  
G Ferro-Luzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Excellent Health ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Switzerland hosts 50’000 to 100’000 undocumented migrants but hardly any evidence exist about their health and wellbeing. A pilot regularization policy took place in Geneva (2017-2018). Methods Parchemins is a mixed-methods prospective study assessing the impact of legal status regularization on undocumented migrants’ health and wellbeing. The quantitative data collection uses yearly face-to-face health questionnaire. Wellbeing is measured by self-reported satisfaction with life on a 10-point Likert scale. We present the results of the first wave of data collection conducted before regularization. Results Participants were mainly women (71.9%) from Latin America (63.2%), aged 44.2 (SD 10.4) years, with secondary or higher education (77.3%), living in Geneva with a partner (47.6%) and minor children (22.3%) for an average of 11.8 (SD 5.4) years. While 82.2% reported good to excellent health, 54% presented overweight or obesity and 21% suffered 3 or more chronic conditions. Self-reported prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes were 17.6%, 7.6% and 4.9%, respectively. Screening for depression and anxiety using PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales was positive in 45.2% and 35.9% of participants. Only 29.9% had a health insurance. In the previous year, 74.8% had at least one medical consultation and 30.4% consulted in emergency but 27% had renounced to seek care for economic reasons. Overall, 97.3% were exposed to health hazards at the workplace and 5.9% suffered an accident leading to work interruption in the last 6 months. Overall, life satisfaction level amounted to 7.4 (SD 2.2) out of 10. Conclusions The baseline results show a contrast between good self-reported health and fair wellbeing with frequent comorbid health conditions notably of mental origin, exposure to occupational hazards and economic limitations in the ability to respond to one’s health care needs. Next study waves will shade light on the public health and clinical impact of regularization. Key messages Legal status may act as a key determinant of health therefore regularization is likely to produce significant health effects. Undocumented migrants good wellbeing and self-reported health contrasts with high morbidity notably of mental origin.

scholarly journals Impact of legal status change on undocumented migrants’ health and well-being (Parchemins): protocol of a 4-year, prospective, mixed-methods study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e028336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Jackson ◽  
Delphine S Courvoisier ◽  
Aline Duvoisin ◽  
Giovanni Ferro-Luzzi ◽  
Patrick Bodenmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health And Well Being

IntroductionMigrants without residency permit, known as undocumented, tend to live in precarious conditions and be exposed to an accumulation of adverse determinants of health. Only scarce evidence exists on the social, economic and living conditions-related factors influencing their health status and well-being. No study has assessed the impact of legal status regularisation. The Parchemins study is the first prospective, mixed-methods study aiming at measuring the impact on health and well-being of a regularisation policy on undocumented migrants in Europe.Methods and analysisThe Parchemins study will compare self-rated health and satisfaction with life in a group of adult undocumented migrants who qualify for applying for a residency permit (intervention group) with a group of undocumented migrants who lack one or more eligibility criteria for regularisation (control group) in Geneva Canton, Switzerland. Asylum seekers are not included in this study. The total sample will include 400 participants. Data collection will consist of standardised questionnaires complemented by semidirected interviews in a subsample (n=38) of migrants qualifying for regularisation. The baseline data will be collected just before or during the regularisation, and participants will subsequently be followed up yearly for 3 years. The quantitative part will explore variables about health (ie, health status, occupational health, health-seeking behaviours, access to care, healthcare utilisation), well-being (measured by satisfaction with different dimensions of life), living conditions (ie, employment, accommodation, social support) and economic situation (income, expenditures). Several confounders including sociodemographic characteristics and migration history will be collected. The qualitative part will explore longitudinally the experience of change in legal status at individual and family levels.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Geneva, Switzerland. All participants provided informed consent. Results will be shared with undocumented migrants and disseminated in scientific journals and conferences. Fully anonymised data will be available to researchers.

scholarly journals Undocumented and Unwell: Legal Status and Health among Mexican Migrants

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda R. Cheong ◽  
Douglas S. Massey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Undocumented Migration ◽  
Mexican Migration ◽  
Mexican Migrants ◽  
Mexican Adults ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the Mexican Migration Project, we evaluate the effects of documented and undocumented migration on the health of Mexican adults. Results suggest that documented and undocumented migrants are positively selected with respect to health in migrating to the United States and health status does not strongly predict selection into return migration back to Mexico. Among returned migrants, health deteriorates as the number of trips to the United States increases, with undocumented migrants experiencing an extra health penalty. While there is no continued decline on return to Mexico for undocumented migrants, they fare worse than returned documented migrants.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic and the Lockdown on the Health and Living Conditions of Undocumented Migrants and Migrants Undergoing Legal Status Regularization

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudine Burton-Jeangros ◽  
Aline Duvoisin ◽  
Sarah Lachat ◽  
Liala Consoli ◽  
Julien Fakhoury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sources Of Support ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Undocumented migrants are at high risk of adverse consequences during crises because of a lack of access to essential securities and sources of support. This study aims to describe the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the health and living circumstances of precarious migrants in Switzerland and to assess whether those undergoing legal status regularization fared better than undocumented migrants.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional mixed methods study was conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown in April–May 2020. Undocumented and recently regularized migrants taking part in an ongoing cohort study were asked to respond to an online questionnaire. A subsample was selected to undergo semi-directed phone interviews.Results: Overall, 117 of the 379 (30.9%) cohort study participants responded to the questionnaire. Seventeen interviews were conducted. Migrants faced cumulative and rapidly progressive difficulties in essential life domains. As a consequence, they showed high prevalence of exposure to COVID-19, poor mental health along with frequent avoidance of health care. Moreover, the loss of working hours and the related income overlapped with frequent food and housing insecurity. Around one participant in four had experienced hunger. Despite these unmet needs, half of the participants had not sought external assistance for reasons that differ by legal status. Both groups felt that seeking assistance might represent a threat for the renewal or a future application for a residency permit. While documented migrants were less severely affected in some domains by having accumulated more reserves previously, they also frequently renounced to sources of support.Conclusions: The cumulated difficulties faced by migrants in this period of crisis and their limited search for assistance highlight the need to implement trust-building strategies to bridge the access gap to sources of support along with policies protecting them against the rapid loss of income, the risk of losing their residency permit and the exposure to multi-fold insecurities.

scholarly journals Association between legal status regularization and self-rated health among undocumented migrants

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Fakhoury ◽  
A Duvoisin ◽  
Y L Jackson ◽  
C Burton-Jeangros ◽  
L Consoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Good Health ◽  
P Value ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Residence Permit ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Little is known about the social determinants of undocumented migrants' health. The canton of Geneva, which hosts 10-15'000 undocumented migrants, implemented a selective regularization policy in 2017-2018. We sought to assess whether the regularization of the residence status was associated with self-rated health. Methods Analyses were based on the first-wave data of the Parchemins Project, a prospective multidisciplinary study evaluating the impact of regularization on undocumented migrants' health and wellbeing. We included 444 undocumented or recently (<3 months) regularized migrants living in Geneva for at least 3 years recruited in the community and healthcare settings. We used multivariate logistic regression to estimate odds of excellent or very good versus good, fair or bad self-rated health. Explanatory variables included measures of integration, financial situation and social support. Models were adjusted for health variables. Results Of the 444 undocumented migrants included, 204 (46%) had recently obtained a residence permit. These regularized migrants reported excellent or very good health more frequently than those undocumented (44.6% vs. 29.2% respectively, p-value < 0.01). However, this difference was not explained by the residence permit (OR = 1.14 [0.70, 1.85]), but rather by the ability to overcome financial hardships (OR = 1.66 [1.02, 2.71]) and better social support (OR = 1.67 [1.07, 2.62]). Adjustment for health variables did not alter these associations. Conclusions Policies aiming at promoting better health among undocumented migrants should include measures strengthening financial security and social resources. Further evidence is needed to assess the impact of residence status regularization on self-rated health in the longer term. Key messages Studies assessing the impact of the regularization of the legal status on health are generally scarce and evidence in the European context is lacking. This study contributes to fill these gaps. The relationships between the regularization of the residence status, socioeconomic conditions and social participation are of central interest to better understand undocumented migrants’ health.

Temporary migrants and occupational mobility: evidence from the case of Estonia

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaan Masso ◽  
Raul Eamets ◽  
Pille Mõtsmees
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Temporary Migration ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Return Migrants ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unique Data

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of temporary migration on the upward occupational mobility by using a novel database from Estonia. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a unique data set of the online job search portal of Estonia that includes thousands of employees with foreign work experience. The authors study whether the presence of temporary migration in ones working career is associated with upward movement in the occupational ladder, defined either in terms of wages or required human capital. Findings – The authors did not find any positive effect of temporary migration on upward occupational mobility and in case of females the effect was negative. The results could be related to the short-term nature of migration and the occupational downshifting abroad as well as the functioning of home country labour market. Research limitations/implications – While the uniqueness of the data set is of value, one needs to acknowledge its weaknesses: the job-seekers work histories are self-reported and the authors do not know what information was left out as undesired by applicant. Practical implications – The findings imply that the benefits of temporary migration from Eastern to Western Europe on the sending country via the returnees’ labour market performance might be limited, yet it does not exclude the benefits of return migration through other mechanism. Originality/value – The literature on return migration is not big and there are only a few papers dealing with occupational change or mobility of the return migrants. Compared to earlier studies we have looked at wider set of occupations ranked by different ladders. Using the unique data set the authors have included in the study ca 7,500 return migrants while earlier studies have been based on rather small samples.

scholarly journals Evaluating interventions with victims of intimate partner violence: a community psychology approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinzia Albanesi ◽  
Carlo Tomasetto ◽  
Veronica Guardabassi
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is one of the most common forms of domestic violence, with profound implication for women's physical and psychological health. In this text we adopted the Empowerment Process Model (EPM) by Cattaneo and Goodman (Psychol Violence 5(1):84–94) to analyse interventions provided to victims of IPV by a Support Centre for Women (SCW) in Italy, and understand its contribution to women’s empowerment. Method We conducted semi-structured interviews with ten women who had been enrolled in a program for IPV survivors at a SCW in the past three years. The interviews focused on the programs’ aims, actions undertaken to reach them, and the impact on the women’s lives, and were analysed using an interpretative phenomenological approach. Results Results showed that the interventions provided by the SWC were adapted according to women's needs. In the early phases, women’s primary aim was ending violence, and the intervention by the SCW was deemed as helpful to the extent it provided psychological support, protection and safe housing. Women’s aims subsequently moved to self-actualisation and economic and personal independence which required professional training, internships, and social support. Although satisfying the majority of the women’s expectations, other important needs (e.g., economic support or legal services) were poorly addressed, and cooperation with other services (e.g., police or social services) was sometimes deemed as critical. Conclusions By evaluating a program offered by a SCW to IPV survivors through the lens of the EPM model, we found that women deemed the program as effective when both individual resources and empowerment processes were promoted. Strengths, limitations and implications are discussed.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Energy System Workflow for Energy Portfolio Optimization

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4392
Author(s):  
Jia Zhou ◽  
Hany Abdel-Khalik ◽  
Paul Talbot ◽  
Cristian Rabiti
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Gaussian Process ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Initial Guess ◽  
Reduced Order ◽  
The Impact

This manuscript develops a workflow, driven by data analytics algorithms, to support the optimization of the economic performance of an Integrated Energy System. The goal is to determine the optimum mix of capacities from a set of different energy producers (e.g., nuclear, gas, wind and solar). A stochastic-based optimizer is employed, based on Gaussian Process Modeling, which requires numerous samples for its training. Each sample represents a time series describing the demand, load, or other operational and economic profiles for various types of energy producers. These samples are synthetically generated using a reduced order modeling algorithm that reads a limited set of historical data, such as demand and load data from past years. Numerous data analysis methods are employed to construct the reduced order models, including, for example, the Auto Regressive Moving Average, Fourier series decomposition, and the peak detection algorithm. All these algorithms are designed to detrend the data and extract features that can be employed to generate synthetic time histories that preserve the statistical properties of the original limited historical data. The optimization cost function is based on an economic model that assesses the effective cost of energy based on two figures of merit: the specific cash flow stream for each energy producer and the total Net Present Value. An initial guess for the optimal capacities is obtained using the screening curve method. The results of the Gaussian Process model-based optimization are assessed using an exhaustive Monte Carlo search, with the results indicating reasonable optimization results. The workflow has been implemented inside the Idaho National Laboratory’s Risk Analysis and Virtual Environment (RAVEN) framework. The main contribution of this study addresses several challenges in the current optimization methods of the energy portfolios in IES: First, the feasibility of generating the synthetic time series of the periodic peak data; Second, the computational burden of the conventional stochastic optimization of the energy portfolio, associated with the need for repeated executions of system models; Third, the inadequacies of previous studies in terms of the comparisons of the impact of the economic parameters. The proposed workflow can provide a scientifically defendable strategy to support decision-making in the electricity market and to help energy distributors develop a better understanding of the performance of integrated energy systems.

scholarly journals Mental health of undocumented migrants and migrants undergoing regularization in Switzerland: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Fakhoury ◽  
Claudine Burton-Jeangros ◽  
Liala Consoli ◽  
Aline Duvoisin ◽  
Delphine Courvoisier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Abstract Background Undocumented migrants live and work in precarious conditions. Few studies have explored the mental health consequences of such environment. The objective of this study is to describe the mental health of migrants at different stages of a regularization program. Methods This cross-sectional study included migrants undocumented or in the process of regularization. We screened for symptoms of anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance using validated tools. We created a composite outcome of altered mental health including these components plus self-report of a recent diagnosis of mental health condition by a health professional. Results We enrolled 456 participants of whom 246 (53.9%) were undocumented. They were predominantly women (71.9%) with a median age of 43.3 (interquartile range: 15.5) years, from Latin America (63.6%) or Asia (20.2%) who had lived in Switzerland for 12 (IQR: 7) years. Overall, 57.2% presented symptoms of altered mental health. Prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance were 36% (95% confidence interval: 31.6–40.6%), 45.4% (95% CI: 40.8–50.1%) and 23% (95% CI: 19.2–27.2), respectively. Younger age (adjusted odd ratio: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5–0.9 for each additional decade), social isolation (aOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.4–4.2), exposure to abuse (aOR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1–3.5), financial instability (aOR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.4–3.7) and multi-morbidity (aOR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.7–6.5) were associated with increased risk of having altered mental health while being in the early stages of the process of regularization had no effect (aOR: 1.3: 95% CI: 0.8–2.2). Conclusions This study highlights the need for multi-pronged social and health interventions addressing the various domains of undocumented migrants living difficulties as complement to legal status regularization policies. Protection against unfair working conditions and abuse, access to adequate housing, promoting social integration and preventive interventions to tackle the early occurrence of chronic diseases may all contribute to reduce the burden of altered mental health in this group. More research is needed to assess the long-term impact of legal status regularization on mental health.

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