scholarly journals Social Mobility and Political Regimes: Intergenerational Mobility in Hungary, 1949–2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Bukowski ◽  
Gregory Clark ◽  
Attila Gáspár ◽  
Rita Pető
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
The Political ◽  
Free Market Economy

AbstractThis paper measures social mobility rates in Hungary during the period 1949 to 2017, using surnames to measure social status. In those years, there were two very different social regimes. The first was the Hungarian People’s Republic (1949–1989), which was a communist regime with an avowed aim of favouring the working class. The second is the modern liberal democracy (1989–2017), which is a free-market economy. We find five surprising things. First, social mobility rates were low for both upper- and lower-class families during 1949–2017, with an underlying intergenerational status correlation of 0.6–0.8. Second, social mobility rates under communism were the same as in the subsequent capitalist regime. Third, the Romani minority throughout both periods showed even lower social mobility rates. Fourth, the descendants of the eighteenth-century noble class in Hungary were still significantly privileged in 1949 and later. And fifth, although social mobility rates did not change measurably during the transition, the composition of the political elite changed rapidly and sharply.

Revived nationalism versus European democracy

Focaal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 (55) ◽  
pp. 74-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora Vetta
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
The Political ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
Cultural Stereotypes ◽  
European Democracy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Political Choices

Following the Belgrade riots after Kosovo's proclamation of independence in February 2008 and the rise of the nationalist Serbian Radical Party in elections since 2001, several analysts have portrayed Serbia as a highly divided and confused nation unable to choose between a European, urban, and cosmopolitan democrat identity and a patriarchal, peasant, and collectivists nationalist one. This article historicizes this widespread culture-talk by ethnographically grounding it in particular processes that constitute Serbia's trajectory toward free market economy and liberal democracy. The concept of class as an analytical tool appears accurate in trying to understand people's biographies and political choices. By deconstructing popular cultural stereotypes of Radikali, the article argues that nationalism provides a framework that resonates most with the material and symbolic needs of a wide range of population. In the absence of a strong institutionalized left, the political choices of "nationalism's supporters" are based more on rational choice than on identity quests and strategies of manipulation.

Economic Education: A Requirement For Building A Free Market Economy And A Liberal Democracy In Ethiopia

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsehai Alemayehu
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Economic Education ◽  
Formal Training ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
Economic Literacy ◽  
The People ◽  
Calculated Risk

This essay presents the case for a national campaign of economic literacy in Ethiopia. It argues that given the lack of opportunities for exposure to a properly functioning market economy or for formal training in economic principles, Ethiopians tend to be predisposed to accepting and/or seeking guidance from government regulators as though that is the natural or only way to proceed in their business and personal choices. This state of affaires is a key reason for the state of abject poverty Ethiopians have had to live in for generations. The paper proposes a two track program of economic education to free the creative talents of the people of Ethiopia from the shackles of regulation. Such a program, it is argued, is a necessary although not a sufficient condition for the Ethiopian economy to bust loose from its prolonged state of paralysis. Economic education which helps let citizens be free from bureaucratic regimens to dream and to take calculated risk in the pursuit of their economic and financial ambitions will also make significant contributions towards expanding the scope for personal freedoms in other dimensions of life in Ethiopian.

The culture of the national liberation movement and the change towards democracy: The case of North Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-522
Author(s):  
Mounir Kchaou
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Liberation Movement ◽  
National Liberation Movement ◽  
Collective Goals

This article aims to analyse the cultural background of the political elites involved nowadays in the democratization’s process in North Africa. It argues that this process cannot succeed unless a break-off with the culture of national liberation movement, pervasive in these countries, occurs on three levels. The first one is the primacy it gives to collective goals over individual rights, the second, the hostility it has towards liberalism in general and to free market economy in particular and finally the way it defines national identity, membership and citizenship.

scholarly journals Strengthening the Importance of the Citizen in Territorial Government: A Necessity for Development and Modernization of Albania - A Libertarian Approach to Territorial Issues

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Gentian Kaprata
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Territorial Planning ◽  
Centralized Planning ◽  
The Government ◽  
Territorial Government

Albania is a developing country that has embarked on the path of transition from a society of monist governance and centralized planning economy to a society of liberal democracy with free market economy 30 years ago. It is not moving at the pace it intended in the early 1990s, because of the etatist mentality of the country's political elite, but often also of experts in certain sectors. This has happened in these years also in the sector of territorial planning and development, where etatist understandings have impeded the empowerment of citizens in the processes of drafting territorial planning and development decision-making. This has led to development taking place in two different ways, on one hand governments have attempted to control development by forcing citizens to interact with the territory according to the rigid rules imposed by the government, and on the other hand the citizens have carried out construction developments in a fragmented manner, and without any harmony between each other and the obligations of government. In this paper we aimed to build another approach for future development in an Albania aiming at integration into the European Union. This path should be development based on previously adopted territorial planning instruments, drawn up in democratic and parliamentary processes. Governance must understand and accept the new and different role it played 30 years ago in territorial development issues, and recognize citizens as co-actors in the processes of drafting territorial and urban planning instruments.

The Legacy of Iraq

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
The World ◽  
Free Market Capitalism ◽  
Market Capitalism

This book critically reflects on the failure of the 2003 intervention to turn Iraq into a liberal democracy, underpinned by free-market capitalism, its citizens free to live in peace and prosperity. The book argues that mistakes made by the coalition and the Iraqi political elite set a sequence of events in motion that have had devastating consequences for Iraq, the Middle East and for the rest of the world. Today, as the nation faces perhaps its greatest challenge in the wake of the devastating advance of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and another US-led coalition undertakes renewed military action in Iraq, understanding the complex and difficult legacies of the 2003 war could not be more urgent. Ignoring the legacies of the Iraq War and denying their connection to contemporary events could mean that vital lessons are ignored and the same mistakes made again.

Determinanty wewnętrzne polityki zagranicznej Ukrainy pod rządami Wołodymyra Zełenskiego

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-141
Author(s):  
Tomasz Stępniewski
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Political System ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The People ◽  
Internal Politics ◽  
Research Questions

The present paper discusses the following research questions: to what extent did errors made by the previous presidents of Ukraine result in the country’s failure to introduce systemic reforms (e.g. combating corruption, the development of a foundation for a stable state under the rule of law and free-market economy)?; can it be ventured that the lack of radical reforms along with errors in the internal politics of Ukraine under Petro Poroshenko resulted in the president’s failure?; will the strong vote of confidence given to Volodymyr Zelensky and the Servant of the People party exact systemic reforms in Ukraine?; or will Volodymyr Zelensky merely become an element of the oligarchic political system in Ukraine?

KEGAGALAN PRIVATISASI BUMN DI ERA REZIM ORDE BARU DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI POLITIK

Wacana Publik ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syamsul Ma'arif
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Early Years ◽  
New Order ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Role Of The State

After had being carried out nationalization and hostility against west countries, the New Order regime made important decision to change Indonesia economic direction from etatism system to free market economy. A set of policies were taken in order private sector could play major role in economic. However, when another economic sectors were reformed substantially, effords to reform the State Owned Enterprises had failed. The State Owned Enterprise, in fact, remained to play dominant role like early years of guided democracy era. Role of the State Owned Enterprises was more and more powerfull). The main problem of reforms finally lied on reality that vested interest of bureaucrats (civil or military) was so large that could’nt been overcome. 

scholarly journals Związek wolnego rynku z dyktaturą polityczną: przejściowy czy trwały? Przykład Chin

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniela Dylus
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Paradigm Change ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Liberal Economy ◽  
Democratic Systems ◽  
Economy System

Aniela Dylus, Związek wolnego rynku z dyktaturą polityczną: przejściowy czy trwały? Przykład Chin [The relation between free market economy and political dictatorship – is it of temporary or permanent nature? The example of China] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo” vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [Between China and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018, pp. 103–119, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.The relation between free market economy and democracy has been assumed as a paradigm in the western culture since the Enlightenment. However, this paradigm seems to be violated by markets that flourish under the political dictatorship. Are these markets the exceptions to the rule or maybe their scale does not indicate the necessity of paradigm change? Or maybe we are wrong to assume that capitalism flourish mainly in democratic systems? Is it possible that the relation between communist political dictatorship and liberal economy system is only of temporary nature and people that have economical freedom will demand sooner or later their political freedom? To answer these questions, (1) the paradigm of relationship between free market, its prosperity and democracy and (2) the arguments supporting this relationship have been discussed. Referring to Samuel Huntington’s theory, (3) it has been reminded that many factors, not only economical ones, decide about democratization of political life and some exceptions to this rule have been mentioned. (4) The example of contemporary China is one of the most spectacular example. The short characteristic of (5) its economic condition, (6) its economic system and political dictatorship has been presented and then the attempts have been made to give the arguments either for (7) temporary or (8) permanent relationship between free market and political dictatorship in China. Although the idea of democracy, the rule of law and human rights seems not to be the only alternative base of economical market system, it appears to be prevalent and the only one in a longer period.

Selected Aspects of Slovac Republic Territorial Development Visions

2016 ◽  
Vol 820 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Jarmila Husenicova ◽  
Zuzana Dohnanska
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Land Rent ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Urbanization Development

Paper deals with urbanization development of Slovakia regarding the rate and degree of urbanization, chances of urban spaces use of cities surroundings as consider to land rent, approximation of territorial development legislation to the free market economy conditions, regional visions creations new methods and inevitable need of territorial information systems deepening and automation.

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