scholarly journals The sympathies of the body: functional organization and neuronal differentiation in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Ernsberger ◽  
Thomas Deller ◽  
Hermann Rohrer
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Sympathetic Neuron ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Glandular Structures ◽  
Peripheral Sympathetic Nervous System

AbstractDuring the last 30 years, our understanding of the development and diversification of postganglionic sympathetic neurons has dramatically increased. In parallel, the list of target structures has been critically extended from the cardiovascular system and selected glandular structures to metabolically relevant tissues such as white and brown adipose tissue, lymphoid tissues, bone, and bone marrow. A critical question now emerges for the integration of the diverse sympathetic neuron classes into neural circuits specific for these different target tissues to achieve the homeostatic regulation of the physiological ends affected.

scholarly journals Pleiotropic Effects of Biguanides on Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Pecinova ◽  
Zdenek Drahota ◽  
Jana Kovalcikova ◽  
Nikola Kovarova ◽  
Petr Pecina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Respiratory Chain ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species Production ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Species Production

Metformin is widely prescribed as a first-choice antihyperglycemic drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and recent epidemiological studies showed its utility also in cancer therapy. Although it is in use since the 1970s, its molecular target, either for antihyperglycemic or antineoplastic action, remains elusive. However, the body of the research on metformin effect oscillates around mitochondrial metabolism, including the function of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) apparatus. In this study, we focused on direct inhibitory mechanism of biguanides (metformin and phenformin) on OXPHOS complexes and its functional impact, using the model of isolated brown adipose tissue mitochondria. We demonstrate that biguanides nonspecifically target the activities of all respiratory chain dehydrogenases (mitochondrial NADH, succinate, and glycerophosphate dehydrogenases), but only at very high concentrations (10−2–10−1 M) that highly exceed cellular concentrations observed during the treatment. In addition, these concentrations of biguanides also trigger burst of reactive oxygen species production which, in combination with pleiotropic OXPHOS inhibition, can be toxic for the organism. We conclude that the beneficial effect of biguanides should probably be associated with subtler mechanism, different from the generalized inhibition of the respiratory chain.

scholarly journals The emulation theory of representation: Motor control, imagery, and perception

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Grush
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feedback Delay ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Effects Of Feedback ◽  
The Brain

The emulation theory of representation is developed and explored as a framework that can revealingly synthesize a wide variety of representational functions of the brain. The framework is based on constructs from control theory (forward models) and signal processing (Kalman filters). The idea is that in addition to simply engaging with the body and environment, the brain constructs neural circuits that act as models of the body and environment. During overt sensorimotor engagement, these models are driven by efference copies in parallel with the body and environment, in order to provide expectations of the sensory feedback, and to enhance and process sensory information. These models can also be run off-line in order to produce imagery, estimate outcomes of different actions, and evaluate and develop motor plans. The framework is initially developed within the context of motor control, where it has been shown that inner models running in parallel with the body can reduce the effects of feedback delay problems. The same mechanisms can account for motor imagery as the off-line driving of the emulator via efference copies. The framework is extended to account for visual imagery as the off-line driving of an emulator of the motor-visual loop. I also show how such systems can provide for amodal spatial imagery. Perception, including visual perception, results from such models being used to form expectations of, and to interpret, sensory input. I close by briefly outlining other cognitive functions that might also be synthesized within this framework, including reasoning, theory of mind phenomena, and language.

Mammalian hibernation

1990 ◽  
Vol 326 (1237) ◽  
pp. 669-686 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Membrane Phase ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Preparatory Phase ◽  
Mammalian Hibernation

In mammalian hibernation, the body temperature approaches that of the surroundings, allowing large savings in energy costs of basal metabolism and eliminating the need for heat production to compensate for heat loss. During entry into hibernation, heat production ceases while the body temperature set-point gradually decreases during slow-wave sleep. In the hibernating phase, the animal copes with problems concerning the maintenance of ion gradients, possible membrane phase transitions and the risk of ventricular fibrillation. In the arousal phase, the main part of the heat and practically all the necessary substrate comes from brown adipose tissue. The hibernation season is preceded by a preparatory phase. It may be concluded that hibernation is a practical, and perhaps even enviable, solution to a mammalian problem.

scholarly journals Imaging Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infection with [11C]-TMP: In Vitro and First-in-Human Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris K Lee ◽  
Daniel A Jacome ◽  
Joshua K Cho ◽  
Vincent Tu ◽  
Anthony Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Response Monitoring ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
In Vitro Uptake

Recently, several molecular imaging strategies have developed to image bacterial infections in humans. Nuclear approaches, specifically positron emission tomography (PET), affords sensitive detection and the ability to non-invasively locate infections deep within the body. Two key radiotracer classes have arisen: metabolic approaches targeting bacterial specific biochemical transformations, and antibiotic-based approaches that have inherent selectivity for bacteria over mammalian cells. A critical question for clinical application of antibiotic radiotracers is whether resistance to the template antibiotic abrogates specific uptake, thus diminishing the predictive value of the diagnostic test. We recently developed small-molecule PET radiotracers based on the antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP), including [11C]-TMP, and have shown their selectivity for imaging bacteria in preclinical models. Here, we measure the in vitro uptake of [11C]-TMP in pathogenic susceptible and drug-resistant bacterial strains. Both resistant and susceptible bacteria showed similar in vitro uptake, which led us to perform whole genome sequencing of these isolates to identify the mechanisms of TMP resistance that permit retained radiotracer binding. By interrogating these isolate genomes and a broad panel of previously sequenced strains, we reveal mechanisms where uptake or binding of TMP radiotracers can potentially be maintained despite the annotation of genes conferring antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we present several examples of patients with both TMP-sensitive and drug-resistant infections in our first-in-human experience with [11C]-TMP. This work underscores the ability of an antibiotic radiotracer to image bacterial infection in patients, which may allow insights into human bacterial pathogenesis, infection diagnosis, and antimicrobial response monitoring.

scholarly journals Terapi Menulis untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Kognitif Pecandu Narkoba di Lapas Dewasa Kota Blitar

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Miza Rahmatika Aini ◽  
Hesty Puspitasari
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychotropic Substances ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
New Information ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
Modern Era

Drugs is the term for narcotics, psychotropic substances and other dangerous. The term often used is DRUGS (Narcotics, Alcohol, Psychotropics and other addictive substances) Around us today, there are a lot of addictive substances that are negative and very harmful to the body. Known as narcotics and illegal drugs. In this sophisticated modern era, drugs have become a problem for mankind in various parts of the world. Drugs that can destroy bright reasoning destroy body and soul, inevitably can threaten the future of mankind. In life, a critical step of the neurodevelopmental process, drug abuse may be caused brain plasticity mechanisms that can induce long-lasting improvements in neural circuits and in the end, actions. One of the effects of these improvements is the disability. Cognitive functions, with negative academic effects on the acquisition of new information.  Knowing those phenomena, the researcher had alternative therapy for increasing their cognitive functions. The researcher used writing as a therapy for them. The advantages of writing are immense, but they are also underestimated. Writing has profound therapeutic benefits. Writing is also a healthy brain exercise to activate brain cells and boost memory. This research conducted in Adult Prison in Blitar city, in which 15 drug prisoners were treated into writing theraphy. The result is they could write as well as the icreasing of their cognition.    

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON APPLICATION OF NANOADJUVANT AS DELIVERY SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
HITESH KUMAR DEWANGAN ◽  
SHUBHAM SINGH ◽  
ROHIT MISHRA ◽  
ROSHAN KUMAR DUBEY
Keyword(s):  
Viral Proteins ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Specific Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Potency ◽  
Polymeric Particles ◽  
Direct Targeting ◽  
Carrier Systems

Worldwide immunization can save millions of peoples to lives year by using the vaccines. The subunit of antigen components is manufactured which can stimulate the immune system by providing specific immunity against specific diseases. Subunit vaccines have many advantages like as high safety profile but having limited ability to provide immunogenicity. These traditional subunit vaccines activate only innate immunity, encourage cell-mediated transport of antigen to lymphoid tissues. Newly nano-adjuvants based vaccines carrier systems like liposomes, virosome, micelles, polymeric particles, protein, and peptides are developed by using various substances like viral proteins, polymer and polystyrene having immanent adjuvanticity and also provide exalted capability in manufacturing subunit vaccines. It has chromospheres substances that have various properties such as targeted, anti-damaging and caliber to lead immune reactions towards Th1 and Th2 route, which is an important feature for humoral as well as cellular immunity. The whole thing based on the carrier system, the role of nano-adjuvants, its pharmacokinetics and distribution in the body system. It has the ability to provide antigen-specific immunity to both systemic as well as mucosal by different vaccination passage. Also, the nano-adjuvants based vaccine suggested that direct targeting of antigen to improve the vaccine potency without sacrificing safety.

scholarly journals Non-Viable Lactobacillus johnsonii JNU3402 Protects against Diet-Induced Obesity

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1494
Author(s):  
Garam Yang ◽  
Eunjeong Hong ◽  
Sejong Oh ◽  
Eungseok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Lactobacillus Johnsonii ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
And Function

In this study, the role of non-viable Lactobacillus johnsonii JNU3402 (NV-LJ3402) in diet-induced obesity was investigated in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). To determine whether NV-LJ3402 exhibits a protective effect against diet-induced obesity, 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet, an HFD, or an HFD with NV-LJ3402 for 14 weeks. NV-LJ3402 administration was associated with a significant reduction in body weight gain and in liver, epididymal, and inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue weight in HFD-fed mice. Concomitantly, NV-LJ3402 administration to HFD-fed mice also decreased the triglyceride levels in the plasma and metabolic tissues and slightly improved insulin resistance. Furthermore, NV-LJ3402 enhanced gene programming for energy dissipation in the WATs of HFD-fed mice as well as in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) transcriptional activity, suggesting that the PPARγ pathway plays a key role in mediating the anti-obesity effect of NV-LJ3402 in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, NV-LJ3402 administration in HFD-fed mice enhanced mitochondrial levels and function in WATs and also increased the body temperature upon cold exposure. Together, these results suggest that NV-LJ3402 could be safely used to develop dairy products that ameliorate diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia.

VSM growth is stimulated in sympathetic neuron/VSM cocultures: role of TGF-β2 and endothelin

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (2) ◽  
pp. H404-H411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah H. Damon
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Sympathetic Neuron ◽  
Vessel Growth ◽  
Coculture Model ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β2 ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Stimulation Of

Sympathetic nerves are purported to stimulate blood vessel growth. The mechanism(s) underlying this stimulation has not been determined. With use of an in vitro coculture model, the present study tests the hypothesis that sympathetic neurons stimulate the growth of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) and evaluates potential mechanisms mediating this stimulation. Sympathetic neurons isolated from superior cervical ganglia (SCG) stimulated the growth of VSM. Growth of VSM in the presence of SCG (856 ± 81%) was significantly greater than that in the absence of SCG (626 ± 66%, P < 0.05). SCG did not stimulate VSM growth in transwell cocultures. An antibody that neutralized the activity of transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) inhibited SCG stimulation of VSM growth in coculture. SCG stimulation of VSM growth was also inhibited by an endothelin A receptor antagonist. These data suggest novel mechanisms for sympathetic modulation of vascular growth that may play a role in the physiological and/or pathological growth of the vasculature.

scholarly journals The p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Mediates Neuronal Apoptosis and Is Essential for Naturally Occurring Sympathetic Neuron Death

1998 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shernaz X. Bamji ◽  
Marta Majdan ◽  
Christine D. Pozniak ◽  
Daniel J. Belliveau ◽  
Raquel Aloyz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Apoptosis ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Sympathetic Neuron ◽  
Neurotrophin Receptor ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase Receptor ◽  
P75 Neurotrophin Receptor ◽  
Neuron Death ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Normal Period

Abstract. To determine whether the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) plays a role in naturally occurring neuronal death, we examined neonatal sympathetic neurons that express both the TrkA tyrosine kinase receptor and p75NTR. When sympathetic neuron survival is maintained with low quantities of NGF or KCl, the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which does not activate Trk receptors on sympathetic neurons, causes neuronal apoptosis and increased phosphorylation of c-jun. Function-blocking antibody studies indicate that this apoptosis is due to BDNF-mediated activation of p75NTR. To determine the physiological relevance of these culture findings, we examined sympathetic neurons in BDNF−/− and p75NTR−/− mice. In BDNF−/− mice, sympathetic neuron number is increased relative to BDNF+/+ littermates, and in p75NTR−/− mice, the normal period of sympathetic neuron death does not occur, with neuronal attrition occurring later in life. This deficit in apoptosis is intrinsic to sympathetic neurons, since cultured p75NTR−/− neurons die more slowly than do their wild-type counterparts. Together, these data indicate that p75NTR can signal to mediate apoptosis, and that this mechanism is essential for naturally occurring sympathetic neuron death.

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