Reference Values for Second Trimester Fetal and Neonatal Organ Weights and Measurements

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrine Hansen ◽  
C. James Sung ◽  
Carol Huang ◽  
Halit Pinar ◽  
Don B. Singer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
The Mean

To establish accurate reference ranges for the entire second trimester, we documented organ weights, body weight, and linear measurements for 597 fetuses and neonates with gestational ages ranging from 12 to 26 wk. We determined the mean and standard deviation for weights and measurements at each week of gestation using the StatView™ SE + Graphics statistical program. The analyses revealed a linear correlation between the gestational age and, respectively, the toe-heel length, crown-rump length, and crown-heel length. Body and organ weights increase at varying rates throughout the second trimester. The data correlate well with weights and measurements previously published for the latter half of the second trimester, and extend these reference ranges to encompass the entire second trimester.

Rearing cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca jascicularis) on surrogate mothers with bottle feeding

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. A. Timmermans ◽  
E. L. Röder ◽  
A. M. L. J. Kemps
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Surrogate Mothers ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
The Mean

Fifty-two cynomolgus monkeys were reared in peer groups on surrogate mothers and fed by bottle during the first months of life. A description of the technique of bottle feeding and the structure of surrogate mothers is presented. Results are shown in a growth curve. Inter-individual differences in body weight were very large. The mean weight was higher in males than in females, but no significant sex differences in growth occurred. The weight of mother-reared infants stayed within the standard deviation of the mean weight of the artificially-reared subjects.

scholarly journals Body Weight Cutoff for Daily Dosage of Efavirenz and 60-Week Efficacy of Efavirenz-Based Regimen in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Coinfected Patients Receiving Rifampin

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 4545-4548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weerawat Manosuthi ◽  
Somnuek Sungkanuparph ◽  
Preecha Tantanathip ◽  
Wiroj Mankatitham ◽  
Aroon Lueangniyomkul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Body Weight ◽  
High Body ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Seventy-one human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with tuberculosis who were receiving a rifampin (rifampicin)-containing regimen were initiated on treatment with efavirenz at 600 mg/day plus stavudine-lamivudine. Fasting efavirenz concentrations at 12 h after dosing (C12) were monitored. The mean ± standard deviation efavirenz C12 at weeks 6 and 12 and after rifampin discontinuation were 4.5 ± 4.3, 3.8 ± 3.5, and 3.5 ± 2.7 mg/liter, respectively. High body weight was associated with a low efavirenz C12 at weeks 6 and 12 (P = 0.003, r = −0.255). The efavirenz C12 regression prediction line at 1 mg/liter intercepted a mean body weight of 57.5 kg.

Continuous Adaptation of the Dialysis Prescription Maintains Adequate Kprt/V in CAPD Patients

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene Andersson ◽  
Martina Buxbaum ◽  
Franz Thomas Meisl
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Residual Renal Function ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Urea Clearance ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dialysate Volume

Objective To analyze the effect of individual adaptation of the dialysis prescription in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), as compensation for the decline of residual renal function (RRF), on peritoneal (Kpt/V) and total (Kprt/V) urea clearance as well as on peritoneal (Kpcr) and total weekly creatinine clearances (CCr). Design Retrospective analysis of a 2-year period. Patients We analyzed 18 patients [15 male, 3 female; mean age 58.2 (24 – 80) years]. Main Outcome Measures Correlations between increased dialysis prescription and Kpt/V, Kprt/V, and Kpcr. Kprt/V and CCr measurements were based on a 24-hour dialysate and urine collection. Measurements were performed over a time period of 3 to 6 months. Results The results show a linear correlation between Kpt/V and Kpcr and the prescribed volume by kilogram body weight. Kprt/V was increased slightly by increasing the dialysis prescription. Dialysate-to-plasma (D/P) ratios of urea and creatinine remained unchanged. The mean prescribed dialysate volume increased from 7.4 ± 1.1 L to 10.6 ± 2.5 L. Mean Kprt/V could be maintained on a stable level for a 36-month period. Conclusion By adapting the dialysis prescription on an individual basis to the continuous decline of RRF, and taking the patient's body weight into account in the prescription decision, the increases in Kpt/V offset the decline in RRF. We recommend early individualization of prescription for patients on CAPD.

37 ANATOMICAL DEVIATIONS IN APPARENTLY HEALTHY, WEANED, CLONED CALVES

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Green ◽  
M. C. Berg ◽  
R. S. F. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Left Testis ◽  
Left Femur ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) is associated with increased incidence of abnormal placental and fetal development. NT fetuses often show an overgrowth phenotype involving the liver, kidney, heart, adrenals, and thyroids. About 10% of NT embryos will result in a live calf and only 67% of these will survive to weaning at 3 months of age. Those that survive beyond weaning appear normal but underlying health problems may not be revealed until the animals are stressed, physiologically challenged, or subjected to postmortem (PM) examination. The health and physiology of NT predominantly (75%) Jersey bull calves (n = 11) and Jersey bull control calves (n = 5) derived from artificial insemination (AI) were investigated. Routine blood analyses were carried out at 3 weeks and then at 3 and 6 months of age. The animals were euthanized at approximately 7 months of age and a full PM undertaken, including histological examination of organ tissues. Calf and organ weights were recorded. The bone mineral density (BMD, g cm2) of the left femur was determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The mean values for the various parameters were compared between treatments using one-way ANOVA. One of the calves died at 40 days from acute hemorrhaging in the abomasum, and a second, at 50 days from respiratory infection. The remaining 9 NT and 5 AI calves appeared healthy at the time of euthanasia, and PM results showed no major gross or histological organ abnormalities. Plasma electrolytes of all animals were within the normal range. Mean NT body weight was significantly higher than that of AI calves (169 vs. 141 kg, respectively; P < 0.0001) but this may have been due in part to the minor beef genetic contribution. Comparison of organ weights relative to the total body weight identified the mean relative NT brain (P < 0.0001) and lung (P < 0.01) weights to be lighter than those of controls, whereas the mean relative weight of the chest thymus (P < 0.05), thyroid glands (P < 0.001), and left testis (P < 0.05) were heavier in NT than in controls. Interestingly, mean femur weight (P < 0.01) and mean overall BMD (P < 0.05) were higher in NT than in AI calves. The mean bone shaft BMD of NT calves was greater (P < 0.05) than that of the controls, although no difference in BMD was evident at the growth plate. The current study indicates that surviving NT calves are apparently healthy but still manifest certain organ abnormalities frequently seen in NT fetuses of failing pregnancies. Identification of osteopetrosis of the long bones suggests that osteoclast differentiation or function is altered in NT calves. Modulation of hematopoietic progenitor differentiation by the NT process may explain the osteopetrosis and the reported compromised immune function and response of NT animals subjected to mild stressors since osteoclasts, monocytes, and macrophages are derived from the same progenitor cells. However, further studies are required to test this hypothesis. This work was supported by NRCGD and FRST contract C10X0311.

scholarly journals A correlation of trans cerebellar diameter by ultrasonography and gestational age in second and third trimester

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Ankur Shah ◽  
Manish Kumar Shah
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Mortality Incidence ◽  
Reliable Parameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Linear Manner ◽  
Singleton Pregnancies

Background and Objectives: Increased perinatal mortality incidence has been seen amongst patients whose precise gestational age is unknown. Trans cerebellar diameter is a newer parameter in the estimation of gestational age. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim to determine the accuracy of trans cerebellar diameter in predicting gestational age during second and third trimester of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in the Mithila Hospital,Janakpurdham for a period of 1 year. The study included a total of 160 females with singleton pregnancies during their 2nd or 3rd trimester. The characteristic butterfly appearance of the cerebellum hinted the location of posterior fossa. All the data was arranged in a tabulated form and analyzed statistically. Data was expressed in the form of mean with standard deviation. SPSS software16 was used for the analysis of the data. Results: The present study enrolled 160 subjects, out of which 80 were in their second trimester and 80 were in their third trimester.  The mean transcerebellar diameter of subjects in second trimester was 20.22±4.87 and it was 36.01±2.89 amongst subjects in their third trimester. As the gestational age advances, the transcerebellar diameter also increases with it in a linear manner. Conclusion: Transcerebellar diameter can be used as a reliable parameter to estimate the gestational age and is also not altered in cases of intrautering growth restriction.

scholarly journals Morphological characterization of remaining specimens of the Curraleiro horse in Central Brazil

2022 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 449-458
Author(s):  
Danilo Conrado Silva ◽  
◽  
Maria Clorinda Soares Fioravanti ◽  
Paulo José Bastos Queiroz ◽  
Marcelo Corrêa da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
The State ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Compactness Index ◽  
Body Index

This study aimed to carry out the morphological characterization of the remaining specimens of the Curraleiro horse in municipalities of the state of Goiás, Brazil. Forty male horses were evaluated using the age of five years as a criterion. Sixteen linear measurements and 13 zootechnical indices were obtained. Subsequently, the mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and covariances of these measures and indices were obtained using the software IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. The measures withers height (WH), croup height (CH), midback height (MH), sternum-to-ground height (SH), chest index (CI), and estimated weight (W) allowed characterizing Curraleiro horses as small-sized, light, and fast, with proportional measures. The dactyl-thoracic index (DTI), body index (BI), conformation index (CFI), load index 1 and 2 (LOI1 and LOI2), and compactness index 1 and 2 (COI1 and COI2) showed that the Curraleiro horse has an intermediate capacity for speed and strength, bearing considerable weight on the back, with saddling aptitude and fast work. These results represent the beginning of the formation of a database that may contribute to future studies and the conservation of the Curraleiro horse in the state of Goiás.

scholarly journals A Meta-Analysis to Understand the Relationship between Pig Body Weight and Variation from Birth to Market

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2088
Author(s):  
Andres F. Tolosa ◽  
Joel M. DeRouchey ◽  
Mike D. Tokach ◽  
Robert D. Goodband ◽  
Jason C. Woodworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

This meta-analysis aims to understand the changes in pig body weight (BW) variation from birth to market and develop prediction equations for coefficient of variation (CV) and standard deviation (SD) as a function of BW. Standard deviation is the measure of dispersion of a set of values from the mean and CV is the SD expressed as a percentage of the mean. Data collected from 16 papers and data sets yielded 117,268 individually weighed pigs with sample size ranging from 120 to 4108 pigs. Polynomial regression analysis was conducted separately for each variation measurement. The resulting prediction equations (CV (%) = 20.04 − 0.135 × (BW) + 0.00043 × (BW)2, R2 = 0.79; SD = 0.41 + 0.150 × (BW) − 0.00041 × (BW)2, R2 = 0.95) suggest that there is a quadratic decreasing relationship between the CV of a population and BW, the slope gets smaller as mean BW increases from birth to market. A quadratic increasing relationship is observed for SD, with slope being smaller as mean BW of pigs increases from birth to market. These prediction equations can be used by swine producers to estimate expected CV and SD of BW among a population of pigs.

scholarly journals ORGAN WEIGHTS OF NORMAL RABBITS

1925 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade H. Brown ◽  
Louise Pearce ◽  
Chester M. Van Allen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Probable Error ◽  
Organ Weight ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
General Investigation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Maximum Minimum

In November, 1921, a systematic study of normal rabbits was undertaken as a part of a more general investigation dealing with the subject of the animal organism in relation to disease. The present paper on organ weights is based on results obtained from a study of 350 male rabbits killed and examined between January 1, 1922, and July 1, 1924. Methods of conducting the experiments are described and the results are summarized in the form of a table and a series of text-figures. The organs studied were the heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, thymus, testicles, brain, thyroid, parathyroids, suprarenals, hypophysis, pineal gland, and representative groups of lymph nodes. The results recorded include maximum, minimum, and average weights, the median, the mode, the standard deviation, the probable error, the coefficient of variation, and the percentage distribution of organs of different weights. No final conclusions are drawn but it is pointed out that the results obtained are comparable to those that have been reported from similar studies of organ weight in man. Attention is also directed to the tendency to the occurrence of wide variations in the weights of nearly all organs, and to an apparent difference in the degree of correlation that exists between organ weight and body weight in the case of certain organs. In this connection it is pointed out that within certain limits the weight of the brain, in particular, and of other organs to a lesser degree appears to be independent of body weight. The results recorded in this paper are regarded as representing approximate values which are affected by numerous conditions for which correction should be made. These conditions will be considered in subsequent papers.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics and Inflammatory Fluid Penetration of Intravenous Daptomycin in Volunteers

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wise ◽  
T. Gee ◽  
J. M. Andrews ◽  
B. Dvorchik ◽  
G. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Total Drug ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Urinary Recovery ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fluid Penetration

ABSTRACT The lipopeptide antimicrobial daptomycin was administered intravenously at a dose of 4 mg/kg of body weight to seven healthy male volunteers. The concentrations of daptomycin in plasma, cantharidin-induced inflammatory fluid, and urine were measured by a microbiological assay. The mean ± standard deviation peak concentrations in plasma and inflammatory fluid were 77.5 ± 8.3 and 27.6 ± 9.5 μg/ml, respectively; the mean terminal elimination half-lives were 7.74 and 13.2 h, respectively. The overall penetration of total drug into the inflammatory fluid (measured by ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h for inflammatory fluid compared with that for plasma) was 68.4%. The mean urinary recovery over 24 h was 59.7%.

scholarly journals Morphometry of talar trochlear surface and its correlation

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
pp. 123-127
Author(s):  
Suresh Narayanan ◽  
Vljisha Phalgunan ◽  
Nachiket Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Load Transmission ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Strength Of Association ◽  
Surface Length ◽  
Surface Angle

Abstract Background and objectives: The morphometry of talus represents its biomechanical role in transmission of body weight. The objective of the study was to find the shape of trochlea and its correlation with other articular surfaces. Methodology: A total of 160 dry Tali of unknown sex were utilised for this study, its trochlear surface length-anterior, middle and posterior breadth [TSL, TSAB, TSMB and TSPB], calcaneal surface length & breadth [CSL and CSB] and navicular surface length & breadth [NSL and NSB] were measured using digital vernier caliper. Trochlear surface angle [TSA] and depth angle [DA] were calculated using image J software. The mean and standard deviation of the parameters were calculated. Side differences between the parameters were calculated by independent sample t test and the strength of association between the parameters was calculated by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The results were trochlear surface length, anterior, middle and posterior breadth [29.6 ± 2.7, 31 ± 2.5, 28.2 ± 2.6 and21.4± 2.1mm], navicular surface length & breadth [29.7 ± 2.5 & 20.5 ± 1.7mm] and calcaneal surface length & breadth [30 ± 2.4 &19.8 ± 1.6mm]. The mean trochlear surface and depth angle were 9.7 ± 3.3 and 156 ± 5.1 degrees. There was significant correlation between the parameters of the articular surfaces. Conclusion: The present study helps in understanding the morphology of talus and the role of articular surfaces in load transmission.

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