scholarly journals The influence of training level on manual flight in connection to performance, scan pattern, and task load

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Friedrich ◽  
Seung Yong Lee ◽  
Paul Bates ◽  
Wayne Martin ◽  
Anja K. Faulhaber
Keyword(s):  
Control Process ◽  
Manual Control ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Task Load ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Flight Operations ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Scan Pattern

AbstractThis work focuses on the analysis of pilots’ performance during manual flight operations in different stages of training and their influence on gaze strategy. The secure and safe operation of air traffic is highly dependent on the individual performances of the pilots. Before becoming a pilot, he/she has to acquire a broad set of skills by training to pass all the necessary qualification and licensing standards. A basic skill for every pilot is manual control operations, which is a closed-loop control process with several cross-coupled variables. Even with increased automation in the cockpit, the manual control operations are essential for every pilot as a last resort in the event of automation failure. A key element in the analysis of manual flight operations is the development over time in relation to performance and visual perception. An experiment with 28 participants (including 11 certified pilots) was conducted in a Boeing 737 simulator. For defined flight phases, the dynamic time warping method was applied to evaluate the performance for selected criteria, and eye-tracking methodology was utilized to analyze the gaze-pattern development. The manipulation of workload and individual experience influences the performance and the gaze pattern at the same time. Findings suggest that the increase of workload has an increased influence on pilots depending on the flight phase. Gaze patterns from experienced pilots provide insights into the training requirements of both novices and experts. The connection between workload, performance and gaze pattern is complex and needs to be analyzed under as many differing conditions. The results imply the necessity to evaluate manual flight operations with respect to more flight phases and a detailed selection of performance indications.

scholarly journals Ocular Biometrics Recognition by Analyzing Human Exploration during Video Observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4548
Author(s):  
Dario Cazzato ◽  
Pierluigi Carcagnì ◽  
Claudio Cimarelli ◽  
Holger Voos ◽  
Cosimo Distante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Exploration ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Free Exploration ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Video Observations ◽  
Public Dataset ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Biometrics Recognition ◽  
Human Exploration ◽  
First Time

Soft biometrics provide information about the individual but without the distinctiveness and permanence able to discriminate between any two individuals. Since the gaze represents one of the most investigated human traits, works evaluating the feasibility of considering it as a possible additional soft biometric trait have been recently appeared in the literature. Unfortunately, there is a lack of systematic studies on clinically approved stimuli to provide evidence of the correlation between exploratory paths and individual identities in “natural” scenarios (without calibration, imposed constraints, wearable tools). To overcome these drawbacks, this paper analyzes gaze patterns by using a computer vision based pipeline in order to prove the correlation between visual exploration and user identity. This correlation is robustly computed in a free exploration scenario, not biased by wearable devices nor constrained to a prior personalized calibration. Provided stimuli have been designed by clinical experts and then they allow better analysis of human exploration behaviors. In addition, the paper introduces a novel public dataset that provides, for the first time, images framing the faces of the involved subjects instead of only their gaze tracks.

scholarly journals Drivers use active gaze to monitor waypoints during automated driving

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Callum Mole ◽  
Jami Pekkanen ◽  
William E. A. Sheppard ◽  
Gustav Markkula ◽  
Richard M. Wilkie
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Manual Control ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Time Headway ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Automated Vehicle Control

AbstractAutomated vehicles (AVs) will change the role of the driver, from actively controlling the vehicle to primarily monitoring it. Removing the driver from the control loop could fundamentally change the way that drivers sample visual information from the scene, and in particular, alter the gaze patterns generated when under AV control. To better understand how automation affects gaze patterns this experiment used tightly controlled experimental conditions with a series of transitions from ‘Manual’ control to ‘Automated’ vehicle control. Automated trials were produced using either a ‘Replay’ of the driver’s own steering trajectories or standard ‘Stock’ trials that were identical for all participants. Gaze patterns produced during Manual and Automated conditions were recorded and compared. Overall the gaze patterns across conditions were very similar, but detailed analysis shows that drivers looked slightly further ahead (increased gaze time headway) during Automation with only small differences between Stock and Replay trials. A novel mixture modelling method decomposed gaze patterns into two distinct categories and revealed that the gaze time headway increased during Automation. Further analyses revealed that while there was a general shift to look further ahead (and fixate the bend entry earlier) when under automated vehicle control, similar waypoint-tracking gaze patterns were produced during Manual driving and Automation. The consistency of gaze patterns across driving modes suggests that active-gaze models (developed for manual driving) might be useful for monitoring driver engagement during Automated driving, with deviations in gaze behaviour from what would be expected during manual control potentially indicating that a driver is not closely monitoring the automated system.

Motor theory modulated by task load: strategies of phonological processing in frontal aphasia revealed by tDCS over the LIFG

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lílian Rodrigues de Almeida ◽  
Paul A. Pope ◽  
Peter Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Dorsal Stream ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Motor Theory ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Cathodal Tdcs ◽  
The Individual

In our previous studies we supported the claim that the motor theory is modulated by task load. Motoric participation in phonological processing increases from speech perception to speech production, with the endpoints of the dorsal stream having changing and complementary weightings for processing: the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) being increasingly relevant and the left superior temporal gyrus (LSTG) being decreasingly relevant. Our previous results for neurostimulation of the LIFG support this model. In this study we investigated whether our claim that the motor theory is modulated by task load holds in (frontal) aphasia. Person(s) with aphasia (PWA) after stroke typically have damage on brain areas responsible for phonological processing. They may present variable patterns of recovery and, consequently, variable strategies of phonological processing. Here these strategies were investigated in two PWA with simultaneous fMRI and tDCS of the LIFG during speech perception and speech production tasks. Anodal tDCS excitation and cathodal tDCS inhibition should increase with the relevance of the target for the task. Cathodal tDCS over a target of low relevance could also induce compensation by the remaining nodes. Responses of PWA to tDCS would further depend on their pattern of recovery. Responses would depend on the responsiveness of the perilesional area, and could be weaker than in controls due to an overall hypoactivation of the cortex. Results suggest that the analysis of motor codes for articulation during phonological processing remains in frontal aphasia and that tDCS is a promising diagnostic tool to investigate the individual processing strategies.

Application of High Performance Electro-Hydraulic Synchronous Servo System on NC Broaching Machine

2013 ◽  
Vol 721 ◽  
pp. 497-500
Author(s):  
Guo Jin Chen ◽  
Jing Ni ◽  
Ting Ting Liu ◽  
Ming Xu
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Servo System ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Servo Drive ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Drive Control ◽  
Hydraulic Servo ◽  
Output Quantity

Aiming at the lower performance, accuracy and efficiency of the existing motion control process for the traditional broaching machine, the paper studies the high-performance dual-hydraulic synchronous servo drive control technology. The synchronous electro-hydraulic servo system forms the closed loop control by the detection and feedback of the output quantity. It eliminates and restrains largely the influence of the adverse factors to obtain the high-precision synchronous driving performance. The numerical control system based on the real-time error compensation and the intelligent control to the auxiliary machinery is developed. It is used for the CNC broaching machine to make the steady-state synchronous displacement error of the double cylinders be ≤ 0.5mm.

scholarly journals Dynamic scan paths investigations under manual and highly automated driving

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Navarro ◽  
Otto Lappi ◽  
François Osiurak ◽  
Emma Hernout ◽  
Catherine Gabaude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Visual Scanning ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Scan Paths ◽  
Highly Automated Driving

AbstractActive visual scanning of the scene is a key task-element in all forms of human locomotion. In the field of driving, steering (lateral control) and speed adjustments (longitudinal control) models are largely based on drivers’ visual inputs. Despite knowledge gained on gaze behaviour behind the wheel, our understanding of the sequential aspects of the gaze strategies that actively sample that input remains restricted. Here, we apply scan path analysis to investigate sequences of visual scanning in manual and highly automated simulated driving. Five stereotypical visual sequences were identified under manual driving: forward polling (i.e. far road explorations), guidance, backwards polling (i.e. near road explorations), scenery and speed monitoring scan paths. Previously undocumented backwards polling scan paths were the most frequent. Under highly automated driving backwards polling scan paths relative frequency decreased, guidance scan paths relative frequency increased, and automation supervision specific scan paths appeared. The results shed new light on the gaze patterns engaged while driving. Methodological and empirical questions for future studies are discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of Time Delay on Controlling the Non-Linear Oscillations of a Rotating Blade

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Yasser Salah Hamed ◽  
Ali Kandil
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Control Force ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Positive Displacement ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Linear Vibrations

Time delay is an obstacle in the way of actively controlling non-linear vibrations. In this paper, a rotating blade’s non-linear oscillations are reduced via a time-delayed non-linear saturation controller (NSC). This controller is excited by a positive displacement signal measured from the sensors on the blade, and its output is the suitable control force applied onto the actuators on the blade driving it to the desired minimum vibratory level. Based on the saturation phenomenon, the blade vibrations can be saturated at a specific level while the rest of the energy is transferred to the controller. This can be done by adjusting the controller natural frequency to be one half of the blade natural frequency. The whole behavior is governed by a system of first-order differential equations gained by the method of multiple scales. Different responses are included to show the influences of time delay on the closed-loop control process. Also, a good agreement can be noticed between the analytical curves and the numerically simulated ones.

scholarly journals Human-Robot Interaction with Robust Prediction of Movement Intention Surpasses Manual Control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastijan Veselic ◽  
Claudio Zito ◽  
Dario Farina
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Linear Time ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Manual Control ◽  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
User Awareness ◽  
Improving Accuracy

Designing robotic assistance devices for manipulation tasks is challenging. This work aims at improving accuracy and usability of physical human-robot interaction (pHRI) where a user interacts with a physical robotic device (e.g., a human operated manipulator or exoskeleton) by transmitting signals which need to be interpreted by the machine. Typically these signals are used as an open-loop control, but this approach has several limitations such as low take-up and high cognitive burden for the user. In contrast, a control framework is proposed that can respond robustly and efficiently to intentions of a user by reacting proactively to their commands. The key insight is to include context- and user-awareness in the controller, improving decision making on how to assist the user. Context-awareness is achieved by creating a set of candidate grasp targets and reach-to grasp trajectories in a cluttered scene. User-awareness is implemented as a linear time-variant feedback controller (TV-LQR) over the generated trajectories to facilitate the motion towards the most likely intention of a user. The system also dynamically recovers from incorrect predictions. Experimental results in a virtual environment of two degrees of freedom control show the capability of this approach to outperform manual control. By robustly predicting the user’s intention, the proposed controller allows the subject to achieve superhuman performance in terms of accuracy and thereby usability.

INTERDISCOURSE SWITCHING IN DRAMA TEXT. GAZE PATTERNS AND COMPREHENSION CHECK RESULTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
M.I. Kiose ◽  
◽  
A.A. Rzheshevskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Event Type ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Discourse Interpretation ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Interpretation Patterns ◽  
Event Construal

The study explores the cognitive process of interdiscourse switching which occurs in reading drama plays with the author’s discourse fragments incorporated (Areas of Interest). The oculographic experiment reveals the gaze patterns and the discourse interpretation patterns, more and less typical of the process. The experiment is preceded by the parametric and annotation analysis of interdiscourse switching construal. Interestingly, there exist several construal parameter groups contingent with eye movement load redistribution, among them are Participant construal, Event construal, and Perspective construal. The results sufficed to show that construal effects also affect mentioning Areas of Interest in the subjects’ responses, the most significant influence is displayed by Participant Agentivity and Complexity parameters as well as by Event Type parameters.

Controlling Nylon Dyeing by Dye and Chemical Metering

1997 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 609-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph McGregor ◽  
Manpreet S. Arora ◽  
Warren J. Jasper
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Control ◽  
Binary Mixture ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Closed Loop Control ◽  
Good Reproducibility ◽  
Acid Dyes ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Polyamide Fibers ◽  
The Individual

Closed-loop control of the dosing of dyes and chemicals is used to obtain an on-tone build-up of shade in dyeing polyamide fibers with a binary mixture of monosulfonated acid dyes. Computerized dosing pumps control the pH, the dyebath concentrations of the individual dyes, and the total sorption of each dye during the process. This real-time, closed-loop adaptive control yields good reproducibility and uniform shade build-up in a laboratory dyeing machine. It is possible to reuse a dyebath containing residual dyes and chemicals from a previous dyeing.

The Power of Attention: Using Eye Gaze to Predict Other-Regarding and Moral Choices

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1878-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minou Ghaffari ◽  
Susann Fiedler
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sequential Presentation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Autonomous Decision ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Moral Choices ◽  
Other Regarding

According to research studying the processes underlying decisions, a two-channel mechanism connects attention and choices: top-down and bottom-up processes. To identify the magnitude of each channel, we exogenously varied information intake by systematically interrupting participants’ decision processes in Study 1 ( N = 116). Results showed that participants were more likely to choose a predetermined target option. Because selection effects limited the interpretation of the results, we used a sequential-presentation paradigm in Study 2 (preregistered, N = 100). To partial out bottom-up effects of attention on choices, in particular, we presented alternatives by mirroring the gaze patterns of autonomous decision makers. Results revealed that final fixations successfully predicted choices when experimentally manipulated (bottom up). Specifically, up to 11.32% of the link between attention and choices is driven by exogenously guided attention (1.19% change in choices overall), while the remaining variance is explained by top-down preference formation.

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