scholarly journals When is it biological control? A framework of definitions, mechanisms, and classifications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan A. Stenberg ◽  
Ingvar Sundh ◽  
Paul G. Becher ◽  
Christer Björkman ◽  
Mukesh Dubey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Conservation Biological Control ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
New Framework

AbstractBiological control, or biocontrol, is the exploitation of living agents (incl. viruses) to combat pestilential organisms (incl. pathogens, pests, and weeds) for diverse purposes to provide human benefits. Thus, during the last century the practices and concepts involved have evolved in separate streams associated with distinct scientific and taxonomic disciplines. In parallel developments, there have been increasing references to biological control in industrial contexts and legislation, resulting in conceptual and terminological disintegration. The aim of this paper is to provide a global conceptual and terminological platform that facilitates future development of the field. We review use of previously suggested terms in key fields (e.g., phytopathology, entomology, and weed science), eliminate redundant terminology, identify three principles that should underpin the concept, and then present a new framework for biological control, rooted in seminal publications. The three principles establish that (1) only living agents can mediate biological control, (2) biological control always targets a pest, directly or indirectly, and (3) all biocontrol methods can be classified in four main categories depending on whether resident agents are utilized, with or without targeted human intervention (conservation biological control and natural biological control, respectively) or agents are added for permanent or temporary establishment (classical biological control and augmentative biological control, respectively). Correct identification of what is, and is not, biological control can help efforts to understand and optimize biological pest control for human and environmental benefits. The new conceptual framework may contribute to more uniform and appropriate regulatory approaches to biological control, and more efficient authorization and application of biocontrol products.

NEW ASSOCIATIONS IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: THEORY AND PRACTICE

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (10) ◽  
pp. 829-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki M.T. Hokkanen ◽  
David Pimentel
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Future Success ◽  
New Association

AbstractThe new association approach for selecting biological control agents has been reanalyzed in the light of recent data. The results support the conclusion that the new association approach is ecologically and statistically sound. One of the major advantages of this approach is its capacity to control native pests, which make up 60–80% of all pests. The specificity of biocontrol agents newly associated with the target hosts is similar to other biocontrol agents. In addition, the new association approach is as safe as the old association approach in terms of environmental risks. Recent trials in the use of new associations have been most encouraging, and suggest that this approach should contribute to the future success of biological pest control worldwide.

scholarly journals Biological Pest Control in Maize Crop in Brazil: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Felipe Tascheto Bolzan ◽  
Diego Nicolau Follmann ◽  
Camila Bisognin Meneghetti ◽  
Leila Cássia Picon ◽  
Ana Lúcia de Paula Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Agricultural Production System ◽  
Procedural Method

The areas of maize production harbor a high number of insect species, some of which are considered pests that cause damage to the crop. The methods of pest control have been a cause of concern for the society since the use of chemicals and the environmental problems arising from this practice indicate the need to search for alternatives to control. In this sense, it is necessary to seek an agricultural production system that contemplates environmental sustainability and promotes biodiversity in the Agrosystem, among which the use of biological agents is highlighted. The objective of this research was to update through a bibliographic review the advances in the literature on biological control of maize crop pests. For the development of this article, we used the method of approach the analytical and as procedural method the monographic, through bibliographic research, using specialized doctrines, appropriate to the object of the study and legislations. Because of the observed aspects, it is possible to conclude that the group of natural enemies that act as biological control agents is formed by parasitoids, predators and entomopathogenic microorganisms. The rationalization of the use of chemicals should be associated with the use of biodefensives in integrated pest management. Advances in the legislation of biological products in Brazil are fundamental to give speed to the registration of new alternatives of biological control, aimed at the safety of the environment, human health and that are generated without the exploratory use of biodiversity.

scholarly journals Organizmy pożyteczne w strategiach biologicznego zwalczania – grzyby owadobójcze

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Augustyniuk-Kram
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Conservation Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
Fungal Entomopathogens

Fungal entomopathogens are widespread in nature and contribute to the natural regulation of insects. They can be exploited for pest management as biological control agents of pests in attempts to improve the sustainability of crop protection. Four types of biological control are recognized: classical, inoculation, inundation, and conservation biological control. Classical biological control is the intentional introduction and permanent establishment of an exotic biological agent for long-term pest management. Inoculation biological control is the intentional release of a living organism as a biological control agent with the expectation that it will multiply and control the pest for an extended period, but not permanently. Inundation biological control is the release of large numbers of mass-produced biological control agents to reduce a pest population without necessarily achieving continuing impact or establishment. Conservation biological control is a modification of the environment or existing practices to protect and enhance specific natural enemies or other organisms to reduce the effect of pests. The traditional and the most popular approach in biological control with entomopathogenic fungi has been to apply the fungal material to the cropping system (as biopesticide), using an inundation biological control strategy. The term biopesticide is used for microbial biological pest control agents that are applied in a similar manner to chemical pesticides. The use of biopesticides can substitute for some (but not all) chemicals and provide environmentally safe and sustainable control of pests but EU legislation and prohibitive registration costs are discouraging the development and commercialization of many promising new products.

scholarly journals Beneficial Insects for Biological Pest Control in Greenhouse Cannabis Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Gerasimos GRAMMENOS ◽  
Varvara KOUNELI ◽  
Antonios MAVROEIDIS ◽  
Ioannis ROUSSIS ◽  
Ioanna KAKABOUKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Visual Estimation ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Beneficial Insects

A greenhouse cannabis cultivation took place in Agriculture university of Athens in order to quantify the efficiency of beneficial insects as a main method of pest management. Cannabis plants grown in two greenhouses and beneficial insects were released only in one greenhouse as a means to investigate the efficacy against pests by the comparison with the control greenhouse. Measurements included the visual estimation of infestation, the recording of pest species and populations, and the comparison of infestations and yields amongst greenhouses. Our results indicate that beneficial insects could control pest populations up to 100%. Even though the environmental conditions were not optimal and consecutive pest infestations were observed throughout the duration of our study, the beneficial insects successfully managed the pest populations. In conclusion, biological control with beneficial insects is a very effective method for pest management in greenhouse cannabis production.

scholarly journals Wood ants as biological control of the forest pest beetles Ips spp.

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gema Trigos-Peral ◽  
Orsolya Juhász ◽  
Péter János Kiss ◽  
Gábor Módra ◽  
Anna Tenyér ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Forest Pest ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
Formica Polyctena ◽  
Wood Ants ◽  
Wood Boring

AbstractClimate change is one of the major threats to biodiversity, but its impact varies among the species. Bark beetles (Ips spp.), as well as other wood-boring pests of European forests, show escalating numbers in response to the changes driven by climate change and seriously affect the survival of the forests through the massive killing of trees. Many methods were developed to control these wood-boring beetles, however, their implementation can be detrimental for other forest specialists. Ants are widely used for biological pest-control, so in our study, we aimed to test the effect of Formica polyctena on the control of the wood-boring beetles. The results show that the proportion of infested trees is significantly reduced by the increase of the number of F. polyctena nests, with a strong effect on those infested by Ips species. We also show that the boring beetle community is shaped by different biotic and abiotic factors, including the presence of F. polyctena nests. However, the boring beetle infestation was not related to the latitude, altitude and age of the forests. Based on our results, we assert the effectiveness of the red wood ants as biological pest control and the importance of their conservation to keep the health of the forests.

scholarly journals Effects of flowers on parasitoid longevity and fecundity

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Wratten ◽  
B.I. Lavandero ◽  
J. Tylianakis ◽  
D. Vattala ◽  
T. Cilgi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Conservation Biological Control ◽  
Alternative Prey ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Floral Nectar ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Research Questions

Conservation biological control (CBC) enhances biological control efficacy by providing pollen nectar shelter and/or alternative prey to biological control agents It is a fastgrowing subdiscipline of biological control with notable recent successes In contrast classical biological control in spite of its long history has not risen above a 10 success rate since 1880 and can have muchpublicised negative consequences This paper presents recent data on CBC research in brassicas in New Zealand and discusses how understanding and effectiveness can be improved The provision of floral nectar to parasitoids such as Diadegma can enhance longevity from two days in the presence of water only to 30 days and can lead to higher fecundity The paper outlines key research questions for the future

Economics of biological control of pests

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
The Public ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Commodity Programs

Biological pest control techniques usually have identifiable costs and constraints that they must overcome before they will be adopted by farmers. Many biological control agents are developed in the public sector and need economic assessments at an early stage. The methods often have hidden costs related to farm labor adjustments or initial costs of development. Living biological controls frequently escape, and they may be disrupted by pesticides, regulations, or farm commodity programs. Pest control registration procedures and small markets also present obstacles. Area-wide implementation programs and changes in incentives for researchers may speed development and adoption of biological controls.

Quality and yield of the Cucumis sativus var. Jawell crop under two pest control systems in the Sonoran desert, Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
EDGAR OMAR RUEDA PUENTE ◽  
FRANCISCO ELEAZAR Martínez-Ruiz ◽  
GABRIELA Andrade-Bustamante ◽  
Guadiana-Alvarado Guadiana-Alvarado ◽  
Cisneros-Almazan R Cisneros-Almazan R ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Control Program ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
Aphid Control

Objective: To compare a commercial pest control program vs a biological pest control program in cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. Jawell) cultivation, evaluating quality and production standards.Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in high-tech glass greenhouses, under a cooling system with damp walls and extractors, heating by irradiation, and automated irrigation. Two treatments were evaluated: biologicalpest control in area A and a commercial control program in area B, both in Persian cucumber (Cucumis sativus) of the Jawell variety; each area of 160 m2, separately, and 41,600 plants for each area. For biological control, the mite (Amblyseiusswirskii) was released for the control of thrips; the wasp (Aphidius colemani) was released for aphid control; the mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis) and (Amblyseius californicus) for red spider control and application of the entomopathogenicnematode (Steinernema fetiae). The chemical control was in accordance with COFEPRIS (2019). The variables werefruit quality total production and incidence of pests in a completely randomized experimental design, and the t-student statistical test and Mann-Whitney test were done for the variables weight quality and loss (P?0.05). A correlation was made between the incidence of thrips (Thrips tabaci) and the incidence of biological control.Results: The biological control method was just as efficient as the chemical control method, in variables such as fruit weight, number of boxes obtained of quality cucumber, and incidence of pests and their biological control.Study limitations/implications: It is important to perform more studies under field conditions where biotic and abiotic factors are different and in other regions, in addition to testing other registered biological products.Findings/conclusions: Biological and chemical control are complementary, an integrated control would help to slowly adapt a company for a subsequent application of biological control, easing regularization and certification procedures thatinvolve the use of chemicals. A more continuous release of A. swirskii is proposed and distributed during the cultivation weeks.

scholarly journals Rigorous Morphological Studies Confirm That the Classical Object of Pest Control Chilocorus kuwanae Is the Same Species as Ch. renipustulatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej O. Bieńkowski ◽  
Marina J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Chilocorus Kuwanae ◽  
Qualitative Characters ◽  
Taxonomical Revision

The ladybug Chilocorus kuwanae, which was described in Japan, has been used for biological control of pests for 100 years. Chilocorus kuwanae was recently synonymized with Ch. renipustulatus described in Europe. The synonymy was based on the examination of few specimens. Our aim is to verify this synonymy. We studied all characters previously used to distinguish these taxa: eight metric and nine qualitative characters. Examination of 107 specimens from Japan and Sakhalin and 174 specimens from Europe showed that the ranges of variability in all characters in Asian and European specimens strongly overlap. There are no characters with interspecific hiatuses. Analysis with Amadon’s criteria showed that Asian and European specimens also do not represent different subspecies. Conclusions: (1) No differences between the specimens from Asia (Japan and Sakhalin) and Europe were found at specific or subspecific levels. Chilocorus kuwanae is a junior synonym of Ch. renipustulatus. (2) The releases of “Chilocorus kuwanae” in Europe and the Caucasus did not represent classical biological control since the same species was native to these regions. (3) A thorough taxonomical revision with the study of morphological variability should be conducted before the introduction of any species to new regions. (4) Taxonomical conclusions based on morphological studies should be confirmed by statistical methods.

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